{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:02:19Z","timestamp":1774641739472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41304017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41304017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41674023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41274104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41274104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000110587\/14\/I-BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000110587\/14\/I-BG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strike-slip faults may be traced along thousands of kilometers, e.g., the San Andreas Fault (USA) or the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). A closer look at such continental-scale strike faults reveals localized complexities in fault geometry, associated with fault segmentation, secondary faults and a change of related hazards. The North Anatolian Fault displays such complexities nearby the mega city Istanbul, which is a place where earthquake risks are high, but secondary processes are not well understood. In this paper, long-term persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data time series was used to precisely identify the surface deformation pattern associated with the faulting complexity at the prominent bend of the North Anatolian Fault near Istanbul city. We elaborate the relevance of local faulting activity and estimate the fault status (slip rate and locking depth) for the first time using satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) technology. The studied NW-SE-oriented fault on land is subject to strike-slip movement at a mean slip rate of ~5.0 mm\/year and a shallow locking depth of &lt;1.0 km and thought to be directly interacting with the main fault branch, with important implications for tectonic coupling. Our results provide the first geodetic evidence on the segmentation of a major crustal fault with a structural complexity and associated multi-hazards near the inhabited regions of Istanbul, with similarities also to other major strike-slip faults that display changes in fault traces and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T10:46:25Z","timestamp":1476787585000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Secondary Fault Activity of the North Anatolian Fault near Avcilar, Southwest of Istanbul: Evidence from SAR Interferometry Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faqi","family":"Diao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9925-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GFZ-German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Minati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-GEOS\u2014An ASI\/Telespazio Company, Via Tiburtina 965, Rome 00156, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GFZ-German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-GEOS\u2014An ASI\/Telespazio Company, Via Tiburtina 965, Rome 00156, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-6599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semih","family":"Ergintav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Bo\u011fazici University, Istanbul 34680, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Prats-Iraola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR German Aerospace Center, Microwaves and Radar Institute, We\u00dfling 82234, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1029\/JB085iB08p04337","article-title":"Mechanics of discontinuous faults","volume":"85","author":"Segall","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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