{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:11:06Z","timestamp":1784769066408,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["246110\/E10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246110\/E10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["230970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["230970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To remotely monitor vegetation at temporal and spatial resolutions unobtainable with satellite-based systems, near remote sensing systems must be employed. To this extent we used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI sensors and normal digital cameras to monitor the greenness of six different but common and widespread High Arctic plant species\/groups (graminoid\/Salix polaris; Cassiope tetragona; Luzula spp.; Dryas octopetala\/S. polaris; C. tetragona\/D. octopetala; graminoid\/bryophyte) during an entire growing season in central Svalbard. Of the three greenness indices (2G_RBi, Channel G% and GRVI) derived from digital camera images, only GRVI showed significant correlations with NDVI in all vegetation types. The GRVI (Green-Red Vegetation Index) is calculated as (GDN \u2212 RDN)\/(GDN + RDN) where GDN is Green digital number and RDN is Red digital number. Both NDVI and GRVI successfully recorded timings of the green-up and plant growth periods and senescence in all six plant species\/groups. Some differences in phenology between plant species\/groups occurred: the mid-season growing period reached a sharp peak in NDVI and GRVI values where graminoids were present, but a prolonged period of higher values occurred with the other plant species\/groups. In particular, plots containing C. tetragona experienced increased NDVI and GRVI values towards the end of the season. NDVI measured with active and passive sensors were strongly correlated (r &gt; 0.70) for the same plant species\/groups. Although NDVI recorded by the active sensor was consistently lower than that of the passive sensor for the same plant species\/groups, differences were small and likely due to the differing light sources used. Thus, it is evident that GRVI and NDVI measured with active and passive sensors captured similar vegetation attributes of High Arctic plants. Hence, inexpensive digital cameras can be used with passive and active NDVI devices to establish a near remote sensing network for monitoring changing vegetation dynamics in the High Arctic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T10:33:16Z","timestamp":1476700396000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Using Ordinary Digital Cameras in Place of Near-Infrared Sensors to Derive Vegetation Indices for Phenology Studies of High Arctic Vegetation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"T\u00f8mmervik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM-High North Centre for Climate and the Environment, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norut Northern Research Institute, P.O. Box 6434, NO-9294 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanazawa-ku, 236-0001 Yokohama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1890\/070217","article-title":"Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: Phenological research in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Morisette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. 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