{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:05:17Z","timestamp":1784822717018,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014804","name":"Mackay Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1012A05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1012A05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST104-2119-M-008-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST104-2119-M-008-009"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST104-2625-M-008-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST104-2625-M-008-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases, particularly allergic rhinitis, are spatially and temporally correlated with the ground PM2.5 level. A study of the correlation between the two factors should therefore account for spatiotemporal variations. Satellite observation has the advantage of wide spatial coverage over pin-point style ground-based in situ monitoring stations. Therefore, the current study used both ground measurement and satellite data sets to investigate the spatial and temporal correlation of satellite-derived PM2.5 with respiratory diseases. This study used 4-year satellite data and PM2.5 levels of the period at eight stations in Taiwan to obtain the spatial and temporal relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and PM2.5. The AOD-PM2.5 model was further examined using the cross-validation (CV) technique and was found to have high reliability compared with similar models. The model was used to obtain satellite-derived PM2.5 levels and to analyze the hospital admissions for allergic rhinitis in 2008. The results suggest that adults (18\u201365 years) and children (3\u201318 years) are the most vulnerable groups to the effect of PM2.5 compared with infants and elderly people. This result may be because the two affected age groups spend longer time outdoors. This result may also be attributed to the long-range PM2.5 transport from upper stream locations and the atmospheric circulation patterns, which are significant in spring and fall. The results of the current study suggest that additional environmental factors that might be associated with respiratory diseases should be considered in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T10:58:04Z","timestamp":1478170684000},"page":"914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spatial Correlation of Satellite-Derived PM2.5 with Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ching-Ju","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chian-Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc","family":"Mong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105216","article-title":"Air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Santa Clara County, California","volume":"105","author":"Lipsett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1999.10463879","article-title":"Association between levels of fine particulate and emergency visits for pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses among children in Santiago, Chile","volume":"49","author":"Ilabaca","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500382","article-title":"Association between particulate matter and emergency room visits, hospital admissions and mortality in Spokane, Washington","volume":"15","author":"Slaughter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.24","article-title":"Community-level spatial heterogeneity of chemical constituent levels of fine particulates and implications for epidemiological research","volume":"21","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1021\/es300984j","article-title":"PM2.5 monitoring and mitigation in the cities of China","volume":"46","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.05.005","article-title":"Associations of daily levels of PM10 and NO2 with emergency hospital admissions and mortality in Switzerland: Trends and missed prevention potential over the last decade","volume":"140","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.03.005","article-title":"Effects of environmental regulations on heavy metal pollution decline in core sediments from Manila Bay","volume":"60","author":"Hosono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.6.645","article-title":"Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space: Have we reached the promised land?","volume":"59","author":"Hoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, D., Kaufman, Y., Zibordi, G., Chern, J., Mao, J., Li, C., and Holben, B. (2003). Global Monitoring of Air Pollution Over Land from the Earth Observing System-Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003179"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.52","article-title":"Satellite-Based PM Concentrations and Their Application to Copd in Cleveland, OH","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7436","DOI":"10.1021\/es5009399","article-title":"Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in China Using Satellite Remote Sensing","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.11.034","article-title":"Regional Characteristics of the Relationship Between Columnar AOD and Surface PM2.5: Application of Lidar Aerosol Extinction Profiles Over Baltimore-Washington Corridor during Discover-AQ","volume":"101","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2004.15.5.759(ADSE)","article-title":"Long-Range Transport of Asian Dust and Air Pollutants to Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.-Y., Kuo, S.-Z., Lim, A.H.N., Hsu, S.-C., Tseng, K.-H., Yeh, N.-C., and Yang, Y.-C. (2016). Optimal Use of Space-Borne Advanced Infrared and Microwave Soundings for Regional Numerical Prediction. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100816"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.847795","article-title":"Optimal Cloud-Clearing for AIRS Radiances Using MODIS","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21802","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035859","article-title":"Synergistic use of AIRS and MODIS radiance measurements for atmospheric profiling","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-10-05057.1","article-title":"Applications of Full Spatial Resolution Space-Based Advanced Infrared Soundings in the Preconvection Environment","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2444274","article-title":"Retrieval of Atmospheric Thermodynamic State from Synergistic Use of Radio Occultation and Hyperspectral Infrared Radiances Observations","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.10.006","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship between MODIS aerosol optical depth and particulate matter from 2006 to 2008","volume":"45","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1975). International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, World Health Organization. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.007","article-title":"Childhood allergic rhinitis, traffic-related air pollution, and variability in the GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 genes: Results from the TAG Study","volume":"132","author":"Fuertes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"14","article-title":"Link between environmental air pollution and allergic asthma: East meets West","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2305992","article-title":"Using Surface Stations to Improve Sounding Retrievals from Hyperspectral Infrared Instruments","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.856627","article-title":"Retrieval, Validation, and Application of the 1-km Aerosol Optical Depth from MODIS Measurements over Hong Kong","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.08.016","article-title":"Spatial scales of pollution from variable resolution satellite imaging","volume":"172","author":"Chudnovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.05.022","article-title":"Using aerosol optical thickness to predict ground-level PM2.5 concentrations in the St. Louis area: A comparison between MISR and MODIS","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1021\/es049352m","article-title":"Estimating ground-level PM2.5 in the eastern United States using satellite remote sensing","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"547","article-title":"Assessing surface PM2.5 estimates using data fusion of active and passive remote sensing methods","volume":"3","author":"Cordero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Environ. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"D14205","article-title":"Particulate matter air quality assessment using integrated surface, satellite, and meteorological products: Multiple regression approach","volume":"114","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/11\/914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:34:39Z","timestamp":1760211279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/11\/914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8110914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8110914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]}}}