{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:49Z","timestamp":1760242909739,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41504111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41504111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural damage inspection after an earthquake is essential for safety assessment of the affected wood-frame buildings and for making knowledgeable decision regarding their repair, renovation, or replacement. We present a polarimetric radar system for sensing the concealed wood-frames damaged by earthquakes. This system employs an antenna array consisting of four linearly polarized Vivaldi antennas recording full-polarimetric radar echoes in an ultra-wideband ranging from 1 to 20 GHz. The detailed design of the system and the signal processing algorithms for high-resolution 3D imaging are introduced. We conducted a number of surveys on damaged wooden wall specimens in laboratory. The experiment results indicate that the high-frequency radar waves can penetrate the wooden walls. Deformations of wooden structures (about 2 cm displacement) inside the wall, as well as the concealed small metal nails (about 3 mm in diameter and less than 2 cm in length) and bolts can be clearly imaged. The shape and orientation of the wooden members have shown a great sensitivity to the radar polarization. It is concluded that radar polarimetry can provide much richer information on the condition of concealed building structures than the conventional single-polarization subsurface penetrating radar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T10:51:39Z","timestamp":1478775099000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Post-Earthquake Damage Inspection of Wood-Frame Buildings by a Polarimetric GB-SAR System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4494-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Science, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Science, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}]},{"given":"Qinghuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0291, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.06.011","article-title":"A comprehensive review of earthquake-induced building damage detection with remote sensing techniques","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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