{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:54:36Z","timestamp":1771008876717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002765","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50EE1340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50EE1340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing may assist in meeting the needs of lake monitoring. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 to assess and monitor water constituents and bottom characteristics of lakes at spatio-temporal synoptic scales. In a field campaign at Lake Starnberg, Germany, we collected validation data concurrently to a Sentinel-2A (S2-A) overpass. We compared the results of three different atmospheric corrections, i.e., Sen2Cor, ACOLITE and MIP, with in situ reflectance measurements, whereof MIP performed best (r = 0.987, RMSE = 0.002 sr\u22121). Using the bio-optical modelling tool WASI-2D, we retrieved absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter (aCDOM(440)), backscattering and concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in optically deep water; water depths, bottom substrates and aCDOM(440) were modelled in optically shallow water. In deep water, SPM and aCDOM(440) showed reasonable spatial patterns. Comparisons with in situ data (mean: 0.43 m\u22121) showed an underestimation of S2-A derived aCDOM(440) (mean: 0.14 m\u22121); S2-A backscattering of SPM was slightly higher than backscattering from in situ data (mean: 0.027 m\u22121 vs. 0.019 m\u22121). Chlorophyll-a concentrations (~1 mg\u00b7m\u22123) of the lake were too low for a retrieval. In shallow water, retrieved water depths exhibited a high correlation with echo sounding data (r = 0.95, residual standard deviation = 0.12 m) up to 2.5 m (Secchi disk depth: 4.2 m), though water depths were slightly underestimated (RMSE = 0.56 m). In deeper water, Sentinel-2A bands were incapable of allowing a WASI-2D based separation of macrophytes and sediment which led to erroneous water depths. Overall, the results encourage further research on lakes with varying optical properties and trophic states with Sentinel-2A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T10:05:56Z","timestamp":1478858756000},"page":"941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A\u2014A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"D\u00f6rnh\u00f6fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Modelling, Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, Kiel D-24098, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"G\u00f6ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, M\u00fcnchner Str. 20, Oberpfaffenhofen, We\u00dfling D-82234, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Arcisstr. 21, M\u00fcnchen D-80333, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0939-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, M\u00fcnchner Str. 20, Oberpfaffenhofen, We\u00dfling D-82234, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4626-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bringfried","family":"Pflug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Rutherfordstr. 2, Berlin-Adlershof D-12489, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9444-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Oppelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Modelling, Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, Kiel D-24098, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2283","article-title":"Lakes as sentinels of climate change","volume":"54","author":"Adrian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. 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