{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:41:04Z","timestamp":1781880064957,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land subsidence resulting from groundwater extractions is a global phenomenon adversely affecting many regions worldwide. Understanding the governing processes and mitigating associated hazards require knowing the spatial distribution of the implicated factors (piezometric levels, lithology, ground deformation), usually only known at discrete locations. Here, we propose a methodology based on the Kriging with External Drift (KED) approach to interpolate sparse point measurements of variables influencing land subsidence using high density InSAR measurements. In our study, located in the Alto Guadalent\u00edn basin, SE Spain, these variables are GPS vertical velocities and the thickness of compressible soils. First, we estimate InSAR and GPS rates of subsidence covering the periods 2003\u20132010 and 2004\u20132013, respectively. Then, we apply the KED method to the discrete variables. The resulting continuous GPS velocity map shows maximum subsidence rates of 13 cm\/year in the center of the basin, in agreement with previous studies. The compressible deposits thickness map is significantly improved. We also test the coherence of Sentinel-1 data in the study region and evaluate the applicability of this methodology with the new satellite, which will improve the monitoring of aquifer-related subsidence and the mapping of variables governing this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T11:12:14Z","timestamp":1479899534000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Interpolation of GPS and Geological Data Using InSAR Deformation Maps: Method and Application to Land Subsidence in the Alto Guadalent\u00edn Aquifer (SE Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"B\u00e9jar-Pizarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Partnership Unit IGME-UA on Radar Interferometry Applied to Ground Deformation (UNIRAD), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Guardiola-Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Environmental Geology and Geomathematics, Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Garc\u00eda-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Partnership Unit IGME-UA on Radar Interferometry Applied to Ground Deformation (UNIRAD), University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), EuroGeoSurveys, the Geological Surveys of Europe, 36-38, Rue Joseph II, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnolo\u0300gic de les Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leica Geosystems, s.l. Ctra Fuencarral, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Tessitore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, Federico II University of Naples, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-0949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Staller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto.de Ingenieri\u0301a Topogra\u0301fica y Cartografi\u0301a, Universidad Polite\u0301cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ortega-Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. de Geolog\u00eda y Geoqu\u00edmica, Facultad Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jer\u00f3nimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Clarke, R., Lawrence, A., and Foster, S. 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