{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:45:15Z","timestamp":1764783915365,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["249673-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249673-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing interest in supraglacial channels, coupled with the increasing availability of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery of glacier surfaces, motivates the development and testing of new approaches to delineating surface meltwater channels. We utilized a high-resolution (2 m) digital elevation model of parts of the western margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and retention of visually identified sinks (i.e., moulins) to investigate the ability of a standard D8 flow routing algorithm to delineate supraglacial channels. We compared these delineated channels to manually digitized channels and to channels extracted from multispectral imagery. We delineated GrIS supraglacial channel networks in six high-elevation (above 1000 m) and one low-elevation (below 1000 m) catchments during and shortly after peak melt (July and August 2012), and investigated the effect of contributing area threshold on flow routing performance. We found that, although flow routing is sensitive to data quality and moulin identification, it can identify 75% to 99% of channels observed with multispectral analysis, as well as low-order, high-density channels (up to 15.7 km\/km2 with a 0.01 km2 contributing area threshold) in greater detail than multispectral methods. Additionally, we found that flow routing can delineate supraglacial channel networks on rough ice surfaces with widespread crevassing. Our results suggest that supraglacial channel density is sufficiently high during peak melt that low contributing area thresholds can be employed with little risk of overestimating the channel network extent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8120988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1480674997000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Flow Routing for Delineating Supraglacial Meltwater Channel Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3033-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonora","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7246-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles, 315 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"Gwenn","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2307\/1551036","article-title":"Channel form and flow characteristics of supraglacial streams, Austre Okstindbreen, Norway","volume":"13","author":"Knighton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413024112","article-title":"Efficient meltwater drainage through supraglacial streams and rivers on the southwest Greenland ice sheet","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG14J109","article-title":"Linking surface hydrology to flow regimes and patterns of velocity variability on Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut","volume":"61","author":"Wyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3719","article-title":"High resolution mapping of supra-glacial drainage pathways reveals link between micro-channel drainage density, surface roughness and surface reflectance","volume":"40","author":"Rippin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20135","article-title":"Meander formation in supraglacial streams","volume":"118","author":"Karlstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF003927","article-title":"Internally drained catchments dominate supraglacial hydrology of the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"121","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3977","article-title":"Characterizing supraglacial meltwater channel hydraulics on the Greenland Ice Sheet from in situ observations","volume":"41","author":"Gleason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2016.1162345","article-title":"Fluvial morphometry of supraglacial river networks on the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dozier, J. (1970). Studies of Morphology and Stream Action on Ablating Ice, Arctic Institute of North America."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL067697","article-title":"Fluvial supraglacial landscape evolution on the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"43","author":"Karlstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09740","article-title":"Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage","volume":"469","author":"Sundal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrf.20093","article-title":"Modeling subglacial water routing at Paakitsoq, W Greenland","volume":"118","author":"Banwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1185-2013","article-title":"Influence of ice-sheet geometry and supraglacial lakes on seasonal ice-flow variability","volume":"7","author":"Joughin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09618","article-title":"Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability","volume":"468","author":"Schoof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158540","article-title":"Large and rapid melt-induced velocity changes in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"321","author":"Boot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2015.1008621","article-title":"Automated stereo-photogrammetric DEM generation at high latitudes: Surface Extraction with TIN-based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) validation and demonstration over glaciated regions","volume":"52","author":"Noh","year":"2015","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2224316","article-title":"Supraglacial streams on the greenland ice sheet delineated from combined spectral\u2013shape information in high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"DGGS Staff Elevation Datasets of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 4 2013, Available online: http:\/\/maps.dggs.alaska.gov\/elevationdata\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"High Resolution Lidar Digital Elevation Models and Low Resolution Shaded Relief Maps of Antarctica from USGS. Available online: http:\/\/nsidc.org\/data\/ANTARCTIC_DEM."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.012","article-title":"An automated, open-source pipeline for mass production of digital elevation models (DEMs) from very-high-resolution commercial stereo satellite imagery","volume":"116","author":"Shean","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03579","article-title":"Water flow through temperate glaciers","volume":"36","author":"Fountain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polythermal glacier hydrology: A review","volume":"49","author":"Hodson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson, R. (1973). Sinuosity of supraglacial streams. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 251\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1973)84<251:SOSS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1029\/WR011i004p00551","article-title":"Meadering of supraglacial melt streams","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(76)90134-7","article-title":"An examination of the variance minimization tendencies of a supraglacial stream","volume":"31","author":"Dozier","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01861.x","article-title":"Supraglacial Stream Dynamics on the Juneau Icefield","volume":"73","author":"Marston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000011448","article-title":"The effect of the subglacial water pressure on the sliding velocity of a glacier in an idealized numerical model","volume":"27","author":"Iken","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500001373","article-title":"Photogrammetric and satellite mapping of the margin of the inland ice, West Greenland","volume":"8","author":"Thomsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6038","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10085","article-title":"Supraglacial melt channel networks in the Jakobshavn Isbrae region during the 2007 melt season","volume":"28","author":"Lampkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-107-2014","article-title":"A decade (2002\u20132012) of supraglacial lake volume estimates across Russell Glacier, West Greenland","volume":"8","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3189\/002214311798043735","article-title":"Assessing the summer water budget of a moulin basin in the sermeq avannarleq ablation region, Greenland ice sheet","volume":"57","author":"McGrath","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153360","article-title":"Fracture propagation to the base of the Greenland ice sheet during supraglacial lake drainage","volume":"320","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063192","article-title":"Limits to future expansion of surface-melt-enhanced ice flow into the interior of western Greenland","volume":"42","author":"Poinar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2483483","article-title":"A Caution on the Use of Surface Digital Elevation Models to Simulate Supraglacial Hydrology of the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling supraglacial water routing and lake filling on the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"117","author":"Banwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1149-2014","article-title":"High-resolution modelling of the seasonal evolution of surface water storage on the Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"8","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Andrews, L.C. (2015). Spatial and Temporal Evolution of the Glacial Hydrologic System of the Western Greenland Ice Sheet: Observational and Remote Sensing Results. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050107","article-title":"On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data","volume":"5","author":"Tarboton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133310384542","article-title":"A new approach for dealing with depressions in digital elevation models when calculating flow accumulation values","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2009.04.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of englacial conduit formation and their implications for subglacial recharge","volume":"28","author":"Gulley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nienow, P., and Hubbard, B. (2005). Surface and Englacial Drainage of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. Encycl. Hydrol. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470848944.hsa172"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-1991-2015","article-title":"System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA)","volume":"8","author":"Conrad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2016). ESRI ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.3.1 2016, Environmental Systems Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"GRASS Development Team Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software 2015. Available online: https:\/\/grass.osgeo.org\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Maidment, D. (2002). Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources, ESRI Inc."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"19","article-title":"LiDAR mapping of the Sn\u00e6fellsj\u00f6kull ice cap, western Iceland","volume":"61","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00f6kull"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-123-2015","article-title":"Modelling the transfer of supraglacial meltwater to the bed of Leverett Glacier, Southwest Greenland","volume":"9","author":"Clason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ewing, K. (1970). Studies of Morphology and Stream Action on Ablating Ice, Arctic Institute of North America."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053611","article-title":"The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012","volume":"39","author":"Nghiem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(84)80011-0","article-title":"The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data","volume":"28","author":"Mark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.12.002","article-title":"TopoToolbox: A set of Matlab functions for topographic analysis","volume":"25","author":"Schwanghart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR02463","article-title":"Channel network source representation using digital elevation models","volume":"29","author":"Montgomery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kamintzis, J. (2015). The Spatial Dynamics of An Annual Supraglacial Meltwater Channel in the Ablation Zone of Haut Glacier d\u2019Arolla, Switzerland, Aberyswyth University."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1968.11879770","article-title":"Glacier drainage connected with ice structures","volume":"50","author":"Stenborg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bryka\u0142a, D. (1998, January 16\u201317). Evolution of supraglacial drainage on Waldemar Glacier (Spitsbergen) in the period 1936\u20131998. Proceedings of the Polish Polar Studies: 25th International Polar Symposium, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(97)00032-2","article-title":"Glacier hydrology in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic","volume":"16","author":"Hodgkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199604)10:4<509::AID-HYP389>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Effect of Snow and Firn Hydrology on the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Glacial Runoff","volume":"10","author":"Fountain","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Onesti, L.J. (1987). Avalanche Formation, Movement and Effect, IAHS."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017075","article-title":"Supraglacial channel inception: Modeling and processes","volume":"51","author":"Mantelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Kirkby, M. (1994). Process Models and Theoretical Geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1029\/98WR01474","article-title":"Hillslope processes, drainage density, and landscape morphology","volume":"34","author":"Tucker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/336232a0","article-title":"Where do channels begin?","volume":"336","author":"Montgomery","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1029\/93WR03553","article-title":"Digital elevation model grid size, landscape representation, and hydrologic simulations","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doctor, D.H., and Young, J.A. (2013, January 6\u201310). An evaluation of Automated Gis Tools for Delineating Karst Sinkholes and Closed Depressions From 1-Meter Lidar-Derived Digital Elevation Data. Proceedings of the 13th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Carlsbad, NM, USA.","DOI":"10.5038\/9780979542275.1156"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03137","article-title":"A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models","volume":"33","author":"Tarboton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-4-31-2012","article-title":"Twenty-one years of mass balance observations along the K-transect, West Greenland","volume":"4","author":"Boot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-1147-2016","article-title":"Extraordinary runoff from the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 amplified by hypsometry and depleted firn retention","volume":"10","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.12.037","article-title":"Seasonal speedup of the Greenland Ice Sheet linked to routing of surface water","volume":"302","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colgan, W., and Steffen, K. (2009, January 10\u201312). Modelling the spatial distribution of moulins near Jakobshavn, Greenland. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1307\/6\/1\/012022"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3189\/2012JoG11J129","article-title":"Modelling the delivery of supraglacial meltwater to the ice\/bed interface: Application to southwest Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada","volume":"58","author":"Clason","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Rodriguiez-Iturbe, I., and Rinaldo, A. (1997). Fractal River Basins: Chance and Self-Organization, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Karlstrom, L., Smith, L.C., and Li, M. (2016). Automated High-Resolution Satellite Image Registration Using Supraglacial Rivers on the Greenland Ice Sheet. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2617822"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/12\/988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:48Z","timestamp":1760210868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/12\/988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8120988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8120988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}