{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T19:12:47Z","timestamp":1782155567042,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China","award":["2013AA122901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA122901"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61405223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61405223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ghost imaging via sparsity constraint (GISC)\u2014which is developing into a new staring imaging lidar\u2014can obtain both the range information and spatial distribution of a remote target with the use of the measurements below the Nyquist limit. In this work, schematics of both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) GISC lidar are introduced. Compared with the 2D GISC lidar, we demonstrate by both simulation and experimentally that the signal-to-noise ratio of the 3D GISC lidar can be dramatically enhanced when a time-resolved technique is used to record the target\u2019s reflection signals and the orthogonal characteristic of the target\u2019s 3D surface structure is taken as a priori in the image reconstruction process. Some characteristics of the 2D and 3D GISC lidar systems are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8120991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1480674997000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Improving the Imaging Quality of Ghost Imaging Lidar via Sparsity Constraint by Time-Resolved Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for High Density Optical Storage, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunwang","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics and Center for Cold Atom Physics of CAS, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for High Density Optical Storage, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, R.D., and Cain, S.C. (2009). Direct-Detection Ladar System, SPIE Publications. TT85.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.836466"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121402","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201210.121402","article-title":"High-peak-power, single-mode, nanosecond pulsed, all-fiber laser for high resolution 3D imaging lidar system","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1117\/12.157111","article-title":"Nonscanned ladar imaging and applications","volume":"1936","author":"Anthes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.033601","article-title":"Quantum and classical coincidence imaging","volume":"92","author":"Bennink","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.013801","article-title":"Geometrical optics in correlated imaging systems","volume":"71","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.002354","article-title":"Correlated two-photon imaging with true thermal light","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.183602","article-title":"High-resolution ghost image and ghost diffraction experiments with thermal light","volume":"94","author":"Ferri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/lapl.200510054","article-title":"Quantum imaging","volume":"2","author":"Angelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3207832","article-title":"Ghost \u201cpinhole\u201d imaging in Fraunhofer region","volume":"95","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.29.000782","article-title":"Computational ghost imaging for remote sensing","volume":"29","author":"Erkmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141123","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4757874","article-title":"Ghost imaging lidar via sparsity constraints","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4236\/opj.2013.32B021","article-title":"Ghost imaging lidar via sparsity constraints in real atmosphere","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.003510","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the quality of ghost imaging via sparsity constraints","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023820","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.87.023820","article-title":"Computational ghost imaging versus imaging laser radar for three dimensional imaging","volume":"87","author":"Hardy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251120","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4885764","article-title":"Ghost imaging of a moving target with an unknown constant speed","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.3.000153","article-title":"Ghost imaging for an axially moving target with an unknown constant speed","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071101","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201513.071101","article-title":"Optimization of speckle patterns in ghost imaging via sparse constraints by mutual coherence minimization","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26133","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26133","article-title":"Three-dimensional ghost imaging lidar via sparsity constraint","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14541","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.014541","article-title":"Structured image reconstruction for three-dimensional ghost imaging lidar","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2006.871582","article-title":"Compressed sensing","volume":"52","author":"Donoho","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.914731","article-title":"An introduction to compressive sampling","volume":"25","author":"Wakin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3238296","article-title":"Compressive ghost imaging","volume":"95","author":"Katz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001067","article-title":"The influence of sparsity property of images on ghost imaging with thermal light","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2007.910281","article-title":"Gradient projection for sparse reconstruction: Application to compressed sensing and other inverse problems","volume":"1","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Proc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1137\/080716542","article-title":"A fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm for linear inverse problems","volume":"2","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIAM J. Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12010","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12010","article-title":"Single-pixel three-dimensional imaging with time-based depth resolution","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25983","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.025983","article-title":"Pulse-compression ghost imaging lidar via coherent detection","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0710003","DOI":"10.3788\/CJL201643.0710003","article-title":"Experimental research on prebuilt three-dimensional imaging lidar","volume":"43","author":"Mei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/12\/991\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:47Z","timestamp":1760210867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/12\/991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8120991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8120991","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}