{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1760242232085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High precision acquisition of atmospheric parameters from the air or space by means of lidar requires accurate knowledge of laser pointing. Discrepancies between the assumed and actual pointing can introduce large errors due to the Doppler effect or a wrongly assumed air pressure at ground level. In this paper, a method for precisely quantifying these discrepancies for airborne and spaceborne lidar systems is presented. The method is based on the comparison of ground elevations derived from the lidar ranging data with high-resolution topography data obtained from a digital elevation model and allows for the derivation of the lateral and longitudinal deviation of the laser beam propagation direction. The applicability of the technique is demonstrated by using experimental data from an airborne lidar system, confirming that geo-referencing of the lidar ground spot trace with an uncertainty of less than 10 m with respect to the used digital elevation model (DEM) can be obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T10:16:18Z","timestamp":1484043378000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pointing Verification Method for Spaceborne Lidars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5076-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Amediek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut f\u00fcr Physik der Atmosph\u00e4re, Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Str. 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut f\u00fcr Physik der Atmosph\u00e4re, Oberpfaffenhofen, M\u00fcnchener Str. 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-3003-2005","article-title":"Evidence of systematic errors in SCIAMACHY-observed CO2 due to aerosols","volume":"5","author":"Houweling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schutz, B.E., Zwally, H.J., Shuman, C.A., Hancock, D., and DiMarzio, J.P. (2005). Overview of the ICESat mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/12.466539","article-title":"The CALIPSO mission: Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds","volume":"4893","author":"Winker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96120A","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2190841","article-title":"The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS): A technology demonstration on the International Space Station","volume":"9612","author":"McGill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephan, C., Alpers, M., Millet, B., Ehret, G., and Flamant, P. (2011). MERLIN: A space-based methane monitor. Proc. SPIE, 8159.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.896589"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bode, M., Alpers, M., Millet, B., Ehret, G., and Flamant, P. (2014, January 7\u201310). MERLIN: An integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) LIDAR for global methane remote sensing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Space Optics, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Clissold, P. (2008). ADM-AEOLUS: Science Report, ESA Communication Production Office."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00227.1","article-title":"The EarthCARE satellite: The next step forward in global measurements of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and radiation","volume":"96","author":"Illingworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"NASA ASCENDS Mission Science Definition and Planning Workshop Report 2008, Available online: http:\/\/cce.nasa.gov\/ascends\/12-30-08%20ASCENDS_Workshop_Report%20clean.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weitkamp, C. (2006). Lidar: Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b106786"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-007-2892-3","article-title":"Space-borne remote sensing of CO2, CH4, and N2O by integrated path differential absorption lidar: A sensitivity analysis","volume":"90","author":"Ehret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/62.387971","article-title":"Star trackers for attitude determination","volume":"10","author":"Liebe","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Space Agency, Ingmann, P., and Clissold, P. (2008). A-SCOPE, Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth, Report for Assessment, SP-1313\/1, ESA Communication Production Office."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caron, J., Durand, Y., Bezy, J.L., and Meynart, R. (2009). Performance modeling for A-SCOPE: A space-borne lidar measuring atmospheric CO2. Proc. SPIE, 7479.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.830364"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Airbus Defence and Space, Friedrichshafen, Germany. Available online: http:\/\/www.space-airbusds.com\/en\/locations\/friedrichshafen-dng.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-2195-2011","article-title":"Sensitivity studies for a space-based methane lidar mission","volume":"4","author":"Kiemle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"241","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission\u2014A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar","volume":"57","author":"Rabus","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISPRS"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/56\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:25:49Z","timestamp":1760207149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/56"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9010056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9010056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]]}}}