{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:16:05Z","timestamp":1790522165268,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]],"date-time":"2017-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines a novel extraction method for SAR imagery data of widespread flooding, particularly in the Chao Phraya river basin of central Thailand, where flooding occurs almost every year. Because the 2011 flood was among the largest events and of a long duration, a large number of satellites observed it, and imagery data are available. At that time, RADARSAT-2 data were mainly used to extract the affected areas by the Thai government, whereas ThaiChote-1 imagery data were also used as optical supporting data. In this study, the same data were also employed in a somewhat different and more detailed manner. Multi-temporal dual-polarized RADARSAT-2 images were used to classify water areas using a clustering-based thresholding technique, neighboring valley-emphasis, to establish an automated extraction system. The novel technique has been proposed to improve classification speed and efficiency. This technique selects specific water references throughout the study area to estimate local threshold values and then averages them by an area weight to obtain the threshold value for the entire area. The extracted results were validated using high-resolution optical images from the GeoEye-1 and ThaiChote-1 satellites and water elevation data from gaging stations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T09:44:02Z","timestamp":1484559842000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Automated Extraction of Inundated Areas from Multi-Temporal Dual-Polarization RADARSAT-2 Images of the 2011 Central Thailand Flood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pisut","family":"Nakmuenwai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"AON Benfield (2012). 2011 Thailand Floods Event Recap Report, Impact Forecasting, Impact Forecasting LLC. Available online: http:\/\/thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com\/Documents\/20120314_impact_forecasting_thailand_flood_event_recap.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"The World Bank (2012). Thai Flood 2011 Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction Planning, The World Bank. Available online: http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/262141468118140200\/pdf\/698220WP0v20P10se0Only060Box370022B.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2012). Project for the Comprehensive Flood Management Plan for the Chao Phraya River Basin, Final Report: Main Report, Available online: http:\/\/open_jicareport.jica.go.jp\/pdf\/12127213_01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Henderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar. Manual of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.723833","article-title":"Using multi-temporal remote-sensing data to estimate 2011 flood area and volume over Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand","volume":"4","author":"Rakwatin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"245","article-title":"Flood detection and mapping of the Thailand Central Plain using RADARSAT and MODIS under a sensor web environment","volume":"14","author":"Auynirundronkool","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.3390\/s8074151","article-title":"Integrating physical and topographic information into a fuzzy scheme to map flooded area by SAR","volume":"8","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2012.10.034","article-title":"Observing floods from space: Experience gained from COSMO-SkyMed observations","volume":"84","author":"Pierdicca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.5589\/m09-025","article-title":"A semi-automated tool for surface water mapping with RADARSAT-1","volume":"35","author":"Brisco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolanos, S., Stiff, D., Brisco, B., and Pietroniro, A. (2016). Operational surface water detection and monitoring using Radarsat 2. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040285"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1109\/36.964970","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of classification capability: Fully polarimetric versus dual and single-polarization SAR","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2517010","article-title":"Detection of inland open water surfaces using dual polarization L-band radar for the soil moisture active passive mission","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7732","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607732","article-title":"Backscatter analysis using multi-temporal and multi-frequency SAR data in the context of flood mapping at River Saale, Germany","volume":"7","author":"Martinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4621","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054621","article-title":"Multi-polarization ASAR backscattering from Herbaceous Wetlands in Poyang Lake Region, China","volume":"6","author":"Sang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"135","article-title":"RADARSAT-2 beam mode selection for surface water and flooded vegetation mapping","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-33-2017","article-title":"Operational algorithm for ice\/water classification on dual-polarized RADARSAT-2 images","volume":"11","author":"Zakhvatkina","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Cryosphere Discuss."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.12.009","article-title":"A modified valley-emphasis method for automatic thresholding","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Bayanti, M., and El-Zaart, A. (2013, January 2\u20133). Automatic thresholding techniques for SAR images. Proceedings of the International Conference of Soft Computing, Dubai, UAE.","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2013.3308"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-303-2009","article-title":"Towards operational near-real time flood detection using a split-based automatic thresholding procedure on high resolution TerraSAR-X data","volume":"9","author":"Martinis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.014","article-title":"A fully automated TerraSAR-X based flood service","volume":"104","author":"Martinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"203","article-title":"A Multi-scale flood monitoring system based on fully automatic MODIS and TerraSAR-X processing chains","volume":"104","author":"Martinis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"882","article-title":"Water level estimation and reduction of hydraulic model calibration uncertainties using satellite SAR images of floods","volume":"47","author":"Hostanche","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-012-0011-5","article-title":"Optimization of threshold ranges for rapid flood inundation mapping by evaluating backscatter profiles of high incidence angle SAR Images","volume":"3","author":"Manjusree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Long, S., Fatoyinbo, T.E., and Policelli, F. (2012). Flood extent mapping for Namibia using change detection and thresholding with SAR. Int. J. Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2029236","article-title":"Flood detection in urban areas using TerraSAR-X","volume":"48","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.002","article-title":"Flood monitoring using multi-temporal COSMO-SkyMed data: Image segmentation and signature interpretation","volume":"115","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2178030","article-title":"Near real-time flood detection in urban and rural areas using high-resolution synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"50","author":"Mason","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2089042","article-title":"Using ALOS\/PALSAR and RADARSAT-2 to map land cover and seasonal inundation in the Brazilian Pantanal","volume":"3","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.12.009","article-title":"Towards an automated SAR-based flood monitoring system: Lessons learned from two case studies","volume":"36","author":"Matgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2328012","article-title":"Flood damage assessment through multitemporal COSMO-SkyMed data and hydrodynamic models: The Albania 2010 case study","volume":"7","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1631315","article-title":"Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Sezgin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"MDA\u2019s Geospatial Services (MDA) (2004). RADARSAT-1 Data Products Specifications, MDA. Available online: http:\/\/mdacorporation.com\/docs\/default-source\/product-spec-sheets\/geospatial-services\/r1_prod_spec.pdf?sfvrsn=6."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"387","article-title":"A Review on Otsu image segmentation algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Vala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4766994","article-title":"Digital image enhancement and noise filtering by use of local statistics","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"1980","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-664X(81)80018-4","article-title":"Refined filtering of image noise using local statistics","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073544","article-title":"Using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) within a geographic information system to detect swimming pools for mosquito abatement: A practical approach","volume":"5","author":"McFeeters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Runoff Data, Hydrology and Water Management Center for Central Region, Royal Irrigation Department (RID). Available online: http:\/\/hydro-5.com\/index_.php?id=4."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2011). Flood Situation Update: Water Level Report 2011, Rojana Industrial Park Public Co., Ltd.. Available online: http:\/\/rojna.listedcompany.com\/flood_situation.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2482001","article-title":"Use of SAR Data for detecting floodwater in urban and agricultural areas: The role of the interferometric coherence","volume":"54","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:16Z","timestamp":1760207176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9010078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9010078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]]}}}