{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:10:39Z","timestamp":1760242239903,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2611-M-006-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2611-M-006-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012448","name":"Soil and Water Conservation Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105AS-7.5.1-SB-S3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105AS-7.5.1-SB-S3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Forestry Bureau","award":["TFBR-104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TFBR-104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The successful launch and operation of Landsat-8 extends the remarkable 40-year acquisition of space-based land remote-sensing data. To respond quickly to emergency needs, real-time data are directly downlinked to 17 ground stations across the world on a routine basis. With a size of approximately 1 Gb per scene, however, the standard level-1 product provided by these stations is not able to serve the general public. Users would like to browse the most up-to-date and historical images of their regions of interest (ROI) at full-resolution from all kinds of devices without the need for tedious data downloading, decompressing, and processing. This paper reports on the Landsat-8 automatic image processing system (L-8 AIPS) that incorporates the function of mask developed by United States Geological Survey (USGS), the pan-sharpening technique of spectral summation intensity modulation, the adaptive contrast enhancement technique, as well as the Openlayers and Google Maps\/Earth compatible superoverlay technique. Operation of L-8 AIPS enables the most up-to-date Landsat-8 images of Taiwan to be browsed with a clear contrast enhancement regardless of the cloud condition, and in only one hour\u2019s time after receiving the raw data from the USGS Level 1 Product Generation System (LPGS). For any ROI in Taiwan, all historical Landsat-8 images can also be quickly viewed in time series at full resolution (15 m). The debris flow triggered by Typhoon Soudelor (8 August 2015), as well as the barrier lake formed and the large-scale destruction of vegetation after Typhoon Nepartak (7 July 2016), are given as three examples of successful applications to demonstrate that the gap between the user\u2019s needs and the existing Level-1 product from LPGS can be bridged by providing browsable images in near real-time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T09:44:02Z","timestamp":1484559842000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Near Real-Time Browsable Landsat-8 Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Chien","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Earth Observation and Data Analysis Centre, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Earth Observation and Data Analysis Centre, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Earth Observation and Data Analysis Centre, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soushi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Yuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Debris Flow Disaster Prevention Center, Soil and Water Conservation Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Nantou 54044, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Shiou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hsinchu Forest District Office, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, The Executive Yuan, Hsinchu 30046, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.10.1171","article-title":"Landsat","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"831","article-title":"The landsat program: Its origins, evolution, and impacts","volume":"63","author":"Lauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Landsat International Cooperators and Global Archive Consolidation, Available online: https:\/\/www2.usgs.gov\/science\/cite-view.php?cite=5631."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wu, A.-M., Wu, F., and Shieh, C.-J. (2004, January 4\u20138). Daily repetitive imaging from rocsat-2 satellite. Proceedings of the 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.880625","article-title":"Processing of formosat-2 daily revisit imagery for site surveillance","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601094518","article-title":"Image processing of formosat-2 data for monitoring south asia tsunami","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.007970","article-title":"Automatic extraction of ground control regions and orthorectification of formosat-2 imagery","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1210","article-title":"Change detection of gravel mining on riverbeds from the multi-temporal and high-spatial-resolution formosat-2 imagery","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1039\/b912897b","article-title":"Monitoring reservoir water quality with formosat-2 high spatiotemporal imagery","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2033179","article-title":"Vicarious calibration of the formosat-2 remote sensing instrument","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.-C., and Chen, N.-Y. (2011). Responding to natural disasters with satellite imagery. SPIE Newsroom.","DOI":"10.1117\/2.1201106.003758"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.81.2.131","article-title":"Validation of geometric accuracy of global land survey (gls) 2000 data","volume":"81","author":"Rengarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.028","article-title":"Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in landsat imagery","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.014","article-title":"Improvement and expansion of the fmask algorithm: Cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection for landsats 4\u20137, 8, and sentinel 2 images","volume":"159","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80186-X","article-title":"Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations","volume":"39","author":"Pizer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"50","article-title":"Searching the strategy of responding to the extreme weather events from the archive of formosat-2 remote sensing imagery","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gratier, T., Spencer, P., and Hazzard, E. (2015). Openlayers 3: Beginner\u2019s Guide, Packt Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026","article-title":"The next landsat satellite: The landsat data continuity mission","volume":"122","author":"Irons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026","article-title":"Sentinel-2: Esa\u2019s optical high-resolution mission for gmes operational services","volume":"120","author":"Drusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096016","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.096016","article-title":"Rapidly responding to landslides and debris flow events using a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08026","article-title":"Rapid locating of fire points from formosat-2 high-spatial-resolution imagery: Example of the 2007 california wildfire","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:18Z","timestamp":1760207178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9010079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9010079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]]}}}