{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1778671473186,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geographic Resources and Ecology Knowledge Service System of China Knowledge Center for Engineering Sciences and Technology","award":["CKCEST-2015-1-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKCEST-2015-1-4"]}]},{"name":"the National Special Program on Basic Science and Technology Research of China","award":["2013FY110900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013FY110900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41501117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41501117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lake extent is an indicator of water capacity as well as the aquatic ecological and environmental conditions. Due to the small sizes and rapid water dynamics, monitoring the extent of small lakes fluctuating between 2.5 and 30 km2 require observations with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. The paper applied an improved surface reflectance (SR) downscaling method (i.e., IMAR (Improved Modified Adaptive Regression model)) to downscale the daily SR acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra platform to a consistent 250-m resolution, and derived monthly water extent of four small lakes in the Tibetan Plateau (Longre Co, Ayonggongma Co, Ayonggama Co, and Ayongwama Co)) from 2000 to 2014. Using Landsat ETM+ acquired on the same date, the downscaled MODIS SR and identified water extent were compared to the original MODIS, observations downscaled using an early SR downscaling method (MAR (Modified Adaptive Regression model)) and Wavelet fusion. The results showed IMAR achieved the highest correlation coefficients (R2) (0.89\u20130.957 for SR and 0.79\u20130.933 for water extent). The errors in the derived water extents were significantly decreased comparing to the results of MAR and Wavelet fusion, and lakes morphometry of IMAR is more comparable to Landsat results. The detected lake extents dynamic between 2000 and 2014 were analyzed using the trend and season decomposition model (BFAST), indicating an increasing trend after 2005, and it likely had higher correlations with temperature and precipitation variation in the Tibetan region (R2: 0.598\u20130.728 and 0.61\u20130.735, respectively).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1484733647000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mapping Extent Dynamics of Small Lakes Using Downscaling MODIS Surface Reflectance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghong","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Remote Sensing, Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Region 5, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, CA 95652, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Tourism and Environment, ShaanXi Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zugang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated water extraction index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.23818\/limn.29.02","article-title":"Emerging global role of small lakes and ponds: Little things mean a lot","volume":"29","author":"Downing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Limnetica"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8","article-title":"The change of effectively irrigated land area in China during the past 20 years","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-008-0131-4","article-title":"Lake evolution and its implication for environmental changes in China during 1950\u20132000","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0444-7","article-title":"Evapotranspiration from an olive orchard using remote sensing-based dual crop coefficient approach","volume":"27","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, X., Feng, M., Jiang, H., Song, J., and Jia, B. (2015). Downscaling MODIS surface reflectance to improve water body extraction. Adv. Meteorol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/424291"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-005-3281-5","article-title":"Delineation of flood-prone areas using remote sensing techniques","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Water body detection and delineation with Landsat TM data","volume":"66","author":"Frazier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199708)11:10<1427::AID-HYP473>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of river inundation area, stage, and discharge: A review","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-013-0045-0","article-title":"Monitoring dynamic changes of global land cover types: Fluctuations of major lakes in China every 8 days during 2000\u20132010","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.06.004","article-title":"Snow-cover mapping in forests by constrained linear spectral unmixing of MODIS data","volume":"88","author":"Vikhamar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.11.1307","article-title":"Analysis of dynamic thresholds for the normalized difference water index","volume":"75","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"305","article-title":"Comparison of fusion methods for generating 250 m MODIS image","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2208467","article-title":"Fusion of MODIS images using kriging with external drift","volume":"51","author":"Souza","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.003","article-title":"Downscaling MODIS images with area-to-point regression kriging","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-4052-6","article-title":"China\u2019s lakes at present: Number, area and spatial distribution","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803623","article-title":"Context-driven fusion of high spatial and spectral resolution images based on oversampled multiresolution analysis","volume":"40","author":"Aiazzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"021","article-title":"Land use and landscape pattern change in Madoi County, the source region of Yellow River","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wang, S., and Dou, H. (1998). Chinese Lakes, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"521","article-title":"Changes of the water environment in the headwater area of the Yellow River and the cause for the zero-flow of the river occurring in winter","volume":"22","author":"Wan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geol. Bull. China"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2007). The National Disaster Monthly Report. Disaster Reduction in China, National Disaster Reduction Center."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/36.20292","article-title":"Modis: Advanced facility instrument for studies of the earth as a system","volume":"27","author":"Salomonson","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Vermote, E., Kotchenova, S., and Ray, J. (2008). Modis Surface Reflectance User\u2019s Guide, Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory. MODIS Land Surface Reflectance Science Computing Facility."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"MODIS, Available online: http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00089-5","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to middle infrared: First results","volume":"83","author":"Vermote","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Global Land Cover Facility. Available online: http:\/\/www.landcover.org\/data\/gls_SR."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.857030","article-title":"A Landsat surface reflectance dataset for North America, 1990\u20132000","volume":"3","author":"Masek","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043526","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3430002","article-title":"Building a consistent medium resolution satellite data set using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer products as reference","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-013-0601-1","article-title":"A thin cloud removal method from remote sensing image for water body identification","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"17","article-title":"Improvement of the techniques for distinguishing water bodies from TM data","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"37","article-title":"Use of MODIS satellite images for detailed lake morphometry: Application to basins with large water level fluctuations","volume":"51","author":"Ovakoglou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Study of the method of picking-up small water-bodies in Landsat TM remote sensing image","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Southwest Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"25","article-title":"Study of the water body extracting from MODIS images based on spectrum-photometric method","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomat. Spat. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Luo, J., Yang, X., and Yang, C. (2003). Geo-Understanding and Analysis in Remote Sensing Image, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"589","article-title":"A study on information extraction of water body with the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI)","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Lee, Z., Ma, R., Yu, K., Li, D., and Shang, S. (2010). Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake, China. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005511"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065067","article-title":"An automated method for extracting rivers and lakes from Landsat imagery","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Verbesselt, J., Zeileis, A., Hyndman, R., and Verbesselt, M.J. Package \u2018bfast\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/bfast\/bfast.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024354","article-title":"Time series decomposition of remotely sensed land surface temperature and investigation of trends and seasonal variations in surface urban heat islands","volume":"121","author":"Quan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(03)00030-6","article-title":"Testing and dating of structural changes in practice","volume":"44","author":"Zeileis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00214-5","article-title":"Modelling of diurnal cycles of brightness temperature extracted from METEOSAT data","volume":"76","author":"Olesen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeileis, A., Leisch, F., Hornik, K., and Kleiber, C. (2001). Strucchange. An R Package for Testing for Structural Change in Linear Regression Models, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v007.i02"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.003","article-title":"Phenological change detection while accounting for abrupt and gradual trends in satellite image time series","volume":"114","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.009","article-title":"Multi-temporal MODIS\u2013Landsat data fusion for relative radiometric normalization, gap filling, and prediction of Landsat data","volume":"112","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.04.011","article-title":"Quality assessment of Landsat surface reflectance products using MODIS data","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Hakanson, L. (2012). A Manual of Lake Morphometry, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.07.002","article-title":"The morphology of built-up landscapes in Wallonia (Belgium): A classification using fractal indices","volume":"84","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600676695","article-title":"Fractal analysis of remotely sensed images: A review of methods and applications","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.908884","article-title":"Improving MODIS spatial resolution for snow mapping using wavelet fusion and ARSIS concept","volume":"5","author":"Sirguey","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trishchenko, A.P., Luo, Y., and Khlopenkov, K.V. (2006). A Method for Downscaling Modis Land Channels to 250 m Spatial Resolution Using Adaptive Regression and Normalization Alexander, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.689157"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.666363","article-title":"Remote-sensing image analysis and geostatistics","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1724.1","article-title":"A method to derive the multispectral surface albedo consistent with MODIS from historical ANHRR and VGT satellite data","volume":"47","author":"Trishchenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"745","article-title":"The changing features and cause analysis of the lakes in the source regions of the Yellow River from 1976 to 2014","volume":"37","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"99","article-title":"Detection and Analysis of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Lake Areas from 2000 to 2013","volume":"17","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2586","article-title":"Lake level fluctuations of Asia inland lakes during 18 kaBP and 6 kaBP with their significance","volume":"42","author":"Qin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2273011499","article-title":"Correlation and simple linear regression 1","volume":"227","author":"Zou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, P., Garlick, J., Freeman, J., and Mathers, E. (2005). Global inland water monitoring from multi-mission altimetry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022814"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/82\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:23Z","timestamp":1760207183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/82"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9010082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9010082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]}}}