{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:29:51Z","timestamp":1776331791201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In areas where groundwater overexploitation occurs, land subsidence triggered by aquifer compaction is observed, resulting in high socio-economic impacts for the affected communities. In this paper, we focus on the Konya region, one of the leading economic centers in the agricultural and industrial sectors in Turkey. We present a multi-source data approach aimed at investigating the complex and fragile environment of this area which is heavily affected by groundwater drawdown and ground subsidence. In particular, in order to analyze the spatial and temporal pattern of the subsidence process we use the Small BAseline Subset DInSAR technique to process two datasets of ENVISAT SAR images spanning the 2002\u20132010 period. The produced ground deformation maps and associated time-series allow us to detect a wide land subsidence extending for about 1200 km2 and measure vertical displacements reaching up to 10 cm in the observed time interval. DInSAR results, complemented with climatic, stratigraphic and piezometric data as well as with land-cover changes information, allow us to give more insights on the impact of climate changes and human activities on groundwater resources depletion and land subsidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T10:00:47Z","timestamp":1484733647000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["DInSAR-Based Detection of Land Subsidence and Correlation with Groundwater Depletion in Konya Plain, Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Cal\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR) of Italy\u2014Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Notti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodynamics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Galve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodynamics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Saygin","family":"Abdikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Bulent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Tolga","family":"G\u00f6r\u00fcm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. No. 6, 34459 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7843-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR) of Italy\u2014Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1243-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00fcsun","family":"Balik \u015eanli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatic Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"\u015een, O.L.A. (2013). Holistic View of Climate Change and Its Impacts in Turkey, IPC (Istanbul Policy Center), Sabanci University."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ekercin, S., Sertel, E., Dadaser-Celik, F., and Durduran, S. (2013). Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming, Springer Science Business Media."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dursun, S., Onder, S., Acar, R., Direk, M., and Mucehver, O. (2012, January 10\u201312). Effect of environmental and socioeconomically change on agricultural production in Konya Region. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Life Sciences, Konya, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"August, D., and Geiger, M. (2008). WWF for a Living Planet, WWF Germany."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0156.1","article-title":"Assessing groundwater storage changes using remote sensing-based evapotranspiration and precipitation at a large semiarid basin scale","volume":"14","author":"Gokmen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gokmen, M. (2013). Earth Observation for Quantifying Ecohydrological Fluxes and Inter-Relations: A Regional Case\u2014The Konya Closed Basin, Turkey. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-0906-9","article-title":"Coastline change assessment on water reservoirs located in the Konya Basin Area, Turkey, using multitemporal Landsat imagery","volume":"164","author":"Durduran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-011-0241-x","article-title":"Ecological monitoring of wetlands in semi-arid region of Konya closed Basin, Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Thakur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2010.09.014","article-title":"Natural and induced sinkholes of the Obruk Plateau and Karap\u0131nar\u2014Hotam\u0131s Plain, Turkey","volume":"40","author":"Dogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.04.034","article-title":"Investigation of sinkholes spatial distribution using the weights of evidence method and GIS in the vicinity of Karapinar (Konya, Turkey)","volume":"245","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, G., \u00c7\u00f6rek\u00e7ioglu, I., Eroskay, S.O., and \u00d6v\u00fcl, G. (2010). Advances in Research in Karst Media, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-008-0351-9","article-title":"Obruks, as giant collapse dolines caused by hypogenic karstification in central Anatolia, Turkey: Analysis of likely formation processes","volume":"17","author":"Bayari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6691","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3890-5","article-title":"Land subsidence in Konya Closed Basin and its spatio-temporal detection by GPS and DInSAR","volume":"73","author":"Ustun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-1151-2010","article-title":"Preliminary results of land subsidence monitoring project in Konya Closed Basin between 2006\u20132009 by means of GNSS observations","volume":"10","author":"Ustun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.28.1.169","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth\u2019s surface topography and its deformation","volume":"28","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/364138a0","article-title":"The displacement field of the landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry","volume":"364","author":"Massonnet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/375567a0","article-title":"Deflation of Mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry","volume":"375","author":"Massonnet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Werner, C., Wegmuller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A. (2003, January 21\u201325). Interferometric point target analysis for deformation mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulose, France."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814657","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps from a reduced set of interferometric SAR images","volume":"41","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16519","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215842","article-title":"The space-borne SBAS-DInSAR technique as a supporting tool for sustainable urban policies: The case of Istanbul megacity, Turkey","volume":"7","author":"Abdikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arangio, S., Cal\u00f2, F., Di Mauro, M., Bonano, M., Marsella, M., and Manunta, M. (2013). An application of the SBAS-DInSAR technique for the assessment of structural damage in the city of Rome. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng.","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2013.833949"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.01.018","article-title":"Integrating geomorphological mapping, trenching, InSAR and GPR for the identification and characterization of sinkholes: A review and application in the mantled evaporite karst of the Ebro Valley (NE Spain)","volume":"134","author":"Galve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.07.035","article-title":"Assessing sinkhole activity in the Ebro Valley mantled evaporite karst using advanced DInSAR","volume":"229","author":"Galve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL066053","article-title":"InSAR-based modeling and analysis of sinkholes along the Dead Sea Coastline","volume":"42","author":"Atzori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.038","article-title":"Land subsidence in central Mexico detected by ALOS InSAR time-series","volume":"140","author":"Chaussard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"102","article-title":"Land subsidence in major cities of Central Mexico: InterpretingInSAR-derived land subsidence mapping with hydrogeological data","volume":"47","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.02.012","article-title":"Hybrid conventional and Persistent Scatterer SAR interferometry for land subsidence monitoring in the Tehran Basin, Iran","volume":"79","author":"Dehghani","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.08.014","article-title":"Twenty-year advanced DInSAR analysis of severe land subsidence: The Alto Guadalent\u00edn Basin (Spain) case study","volume":"198","author":"Boni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10793","article-title":"Lithological control of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal in new urban areas (Granada basin, SE Spain). Multiband DInSAR monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Notti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2014.02.002","article-title":"Monitoring land subsidence and fault deformation using the smallbaseline subset InSAR technique: A case study in the Datong Basin, China","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.003","article-title":"Integration of soil moisture in SEBS for improving evapotranspiration estimation under water stress conditions","volume":"121","author":"Gokmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Topak, R., and Acar, B. (2010, January 8\u20139). Konya basin agriculture-environment relationships and sustainability. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"13","article-title":"Geomorphological evidence of the recessional phases of the pluvial lakes in the Konya, Tuzgolu and Burdur basins in Anatolia","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Erol","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ankara Univ. Ann. Geogr. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(98)00008-7","article-title":"The dune systems of the Konya Plain (Turkey): Their relation to environmental changes in Central Anatolia during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene","volume":"23","author":"Kuzucuoglu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"MTA (2002). 1:500 000 Scaled Geology Maps of Turkey, Konya, Kayseri and Adana Sheets, MTA (Mineral Research & Exploration General Directorate)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (1972). Glossary and Multilingual Equivalents of 227 Karst Terms, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.08.002","article-title":"A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst","volume":"138","author":"Parise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"113","article-title":"On the Relief Features of blown sand at the karapinar surroundings in the interior Anatolia","volume":"8","author":"Erinc","year":"1962","journal-title":"Rev. Geogr. Inst. Univ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3166\/ga.18.167-208","article-title":"The Denizli graben-horst system and the eastern limit of Western Anatolia continental extension: Basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history SW Turkey","volume":"18","author":"Kocyigit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geodin. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Emre, O., Duman, T.Y., Ozalp, S., and Elmaci, H. (2011). 1:250,000 Scale Active Fault Map Series of Turkey. Karapinar Quadrangle, MTA (Mineral Research & Exploration General Directorate)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., and Roth, L. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873207","article-title":"On the extension of the minimum cost flow algorithm for phase unwrapping of multitemporal differential SAR interferograms","volume":"44","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01607","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018827","article-title":"Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","volume":"31","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2577878","article-title":"A minimum acceleration approach for the retrieval of multiplatform InSAR deformation time series","volume":"9","author":"Pepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Negro, C., Currenti, G., Solaro, G., Greco, F., Pepe, A., Napoli, R., Pepe, S., Casu, F., and Sansosti, E. (2013). Capturing the fingerprint of Etna volcano activity in gravity and satellite radar data. Sci. Rep.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03089"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"KNMI Climate Explorer. Available online: https:\/\/climexp.knmi.nl\/getprcpall.cgi?id=someone@somewhere&WMO=17244."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Turkish State Meteorological Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.mgm.gov.tr\/veridegerlendirme\/yillik-toplam-yagis-verileri.aspx?m=AKSARAY#sfB."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bossard, M., Feranec, J., and Otahel, J. (2000). CORINE Land Cover Technical Guide\u2014Addendum 2000, European Environmental Agency. European Environmental Agency Technical Report No. 40."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Corine Land Cover Map. Available online: http:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/pan-european\/corine-land-cover."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"USGS Glovis Archive, Available online: http:\/\/glovis.usgs.gov."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"CU GRACE Data Portal. Available online: http:\/\/geoid.colorado.edu\/grace\/dataportal.html."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-4817-2013","article-title":"GRACE water storage estimates for the Middle East and other regions with significant reservoir and lake storage","volume":"17","author":"Longuevergne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0103-7","article-title":"Estimating ground water storage changes in the Mississippi River basin (USA) using GRACE","volume":"15","author":"Rodell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-008-9511-0","article-title":"Climate change in Turkey for the last half century","volume":"94","author":"Karaca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01410","article-title":"Has the climate been changing in Turkey? Regional climate change signals based on a comparative statistical analysis of two consecutive time periods, 1950\u20131980 and 1981\u20132010","volume":"70","author":"Batmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.962","article-title":"Precipitation changes and variability in Turkey linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation during the period 1930\u20132000","volume":"23","author":"Erlat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1848","article-title":"DInSAR measurements of ground deformation by sinkholes, mining subsidence, and landslides, Ebro River, Spain","volume":"34","author":"Manunta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2002)114<0012:TLPOEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The lowest place on Earth is subsiding\u2014An InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) perspective","volume":"114","author":"Baer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1130\/G34505.1","article-title":"Sinkhole precursors along the Dead Sea, Israel, revealed by SAR interferometry","volume":"41","author":"Nof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:26:24Z","timestamp":1760207184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/1\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9010083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9010083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]}}}