{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:06:13Z","timestamp":1773518773948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]],"date-time":"2017-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["LTREB 08-16453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTREB 08-16453"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["ATM-0838491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ATM-0838491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scale difference between point in situ soil moisture measurements and low resolution satellite products limits the quality of any validation efforts in heterogeneous regions. Cosmic Ray Neutron Probes (CRNP) could be an option to fill the scale gap between both systems, as they provide area-average soil moisture within a 150\u2013250 m radius footprint. In this study, we evaluate differences and similarities between CRNP observations, and surface soil moisture products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the METOP-A\/B Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP), the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), as well as simulations from the Global Land Data Assimilation System Version 2 (GLDAS2). Six CRNPs located on five continents have been selected as test sites: the Rur catchment in Germany, the COSMOS sites in Arizona and California (USA), and Kenya, one CosmOz site in New South Wales (Australia), and a site in Karnataka (India). Standard validation scores as well as the Triple Collocation (TC) method identified SMAP to provide a high accuracy soil moisture product with low noise or uncertainties as compared to CRNPs. The potential of CRNPs for satellite soil moisture validation has been proven; however, biomass correction methods should be implemented to improve its application in regions with large vegetation dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]],"date-time":"2017-01-25T09:50:44Z","timestamp":1485337844000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Validation of Spaceborne and Modelled Surface Soil Moisture Products with Cosmic-Ray Neutron Probes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Montzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heye","family":"Bogena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Zreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Monerris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly at Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Land Surface Flux Measurements Group, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK"}]},{"given":"Sekhar","family":"Muddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR) &amp; Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Vereecken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.11.061","article-title":"On the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil moisture at the field scale","volume":"516","author":"Vereecken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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