{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:48:24Z","timestamp":1789156104126,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41331172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41331172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1406405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1406405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61361136001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61361136001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerical wave models are powerful tools for investigating global wave climate. Here a global wave hindcast is employed to estimate the global pattern of crossing swells. However, the global patterns of crossing swells derived from the model are different from those derived from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wave mode products of quasi-linear inversion, indicating one of them is questionable. The comparison shows that the first two most energetic swells inversed by SAR are often not in accordance with the first two most energetic swells in the model, and this will have a large impact on the statistics of the data. Before this problem is solved, SAR wave products of quasi-linear inversion should be treated with care in wave climate studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T11:23:02Z","timestamp":1485516182000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Limitation of SAR Quasi-Linear Inversion Data on Swell Climate: An Example of Global Crossing Swells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3995-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Mouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Physique et Spatiale, Centre de Brest, IFREMER, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, State Oceanic Administration, Tianjin 300000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Babanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, 3000 Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Chapron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Oc\u00e9anographie Physique et Spatiale, Centre de Brest, IFREMER, 29280 Plouzan\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAS3018.1","article-title":"Wave-induced wind in the marine boundary layer","volume":"66","author":"Semedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<1849:AGVOSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A global view of swell and wind sea climate in the ocean by satellite altimeter and scatterometer","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2004.11.007","article-title":"Numerical modeling of ocean swell contributions to the global wind-wave climate","volume":"11","author":"Alves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3718.1","article-title":"A global view on the wind sea and swell climate and variability from ERA-40","volume":"24","author":"Semedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3236","article-title":"Assessment of the reliability of wave observations from voluntary observing ships: Insights from the validation of a global wind wave climatology based on voluntary observing ship data","volume":"108","author":"Gulev","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068702","article-title":"A new insight from space into swell propagation and crossing in the global oceans","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197219","article-title":"Global trends in wind speed and wave height","volume":"332","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00180.1","article-title":"A global view on the swell and wind sea climate by the Jason-1 mission: A revisit","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"167","article-title":"The ERS SAR wave mode\u2014A breakthrough in global ocean wave observations","volume":"1326","author":"Hasselmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"ESA Spe. Pub."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC03p04659","article-title":"Theory of synthetic aperture radar ocean imaging: A MARSEN view","volume":"90","author":"Hasselmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16615","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC00798","article-title":"An improved algorithm for the retrieval of ocean wave spectra from SAR image spectra","volume":"101","author":"Hasselmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02995562","article-title":"Wave and wind retrieval from SAR images of the ocean","volume":"56","author":"Chapron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005215","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of ocean swell fields from space: New methods for routine observations","volume":"114","author":"Collard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL037030","article-title":"Observation of swell dissipation across oceans","volume":"36","author":"Ardhuin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-1605-2016","article-title":"Wave climate in the Arctic 1992\u20132014: Seasonality and trends","volume":"10","author":"Stopa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2012.10.005","article-title":"Patterns and cycles in the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis wind and wave data","volume":"70","author":"Stopa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Tolman, H.L. User Manual and System Documentation of WAVEWATCH IIIVR Version 4.18, MMAB Contribution. Techical Note."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009<0444:PSAAOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Partitioning Sequences and arrays of directional ocean wave spectra into component wave systems","volume":"9","author":"Gerling","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4324.1","article-title":"Semiempirical dissipation source functions for ocean waves. Part I: Definition, calibration, and validation","volume":"40","author":"Ardhuin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0277:AAOOSD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Automated analysis of ocean surface directional wave spectra","volume":"18","author":"Hanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005885","article-title":"Space-time structure of long ocean swell fields","volume":"115","author":"Delpey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2015.09.003","article-title":"Comparison and validation of physical wave parameterizations in spectral wave models","volume":"103","author":"Stopa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2012.12.001","article-title":"A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 2: Model validation with improved source term parameterization","volume":"70","author":"Rascle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199907)19:9<931::AID-JOC412>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate","volume":"19","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Deliverable D.16: Satellite Wave Data Quality Report. Available online: https:\/\/projets.ifremer.fr\/content\/download\/5120\/37286\/GlobWave D.16 SWDQR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98780L","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2227178","article-title":"2D ocean waves spectra from space: A challenge for validation and synergetic use","volume":"9878","author":"Mouche","year":"2016","journal-title":"SPIE Asia Pac. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:06Z","timestamp":1760207226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9020107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9020107","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]]}}}