{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:18:52Z","timestamp":1790417932273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science Technology &amp; Space, Israel","award":["grant 3-13140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant 3-13140"]}]},{"name":"Samaria and Jordan Rift Regional R&amp;D Center, Israel."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salinization of irrigated lands in the semi-arid Jezreel Valley, Northern Israel results in soil-structure deterioration and crop damage. We formulated a generic rule for estimating salinity of different vegetation types by studying the relationship between Cl\/Na and different spectral slopes in the visible\u2013near infrared\u2013shortwave infrared (VIS\u2013NIR\u2013SWIR) spectral range using both field measurements and satellite imagery (Sentinel-2). For the field study, the slope-based model was integrated with conventional partial least squares (PLS) analyses. Differences in 14 spectral ranges, indicating changes in salinity levels, were identified across the VIS\u2013NIR\u2013SWIR region  (350\u20132500 nm). Next, two different models were run using PLS regression: (i) using spectral slope data across these ranges; and (ii) using preprocessed spectral reflectance. The best model for predicting Cl content was based on continuum removal reflectance (R2 = 0.84). Satisfactory correlations were obtained using the slope-based PLS model (R2 = 0.77 for Cl and R2 = 0.63 for Na). Thus, salinity contents in fresh plants could be estimated, despite masking of some spectral regions by water absorbance. Finally, we estimated the most sensitive spectral channels for monitoring vegetation salinity from a satellite perspective. We evaluated the recently available Sentinel-2 imagery\u2019s ability to distinguish variability in vegetation salinity levels. The best estimate of a Sentinel-2-based vegetation salinity index was generated based on a ratio between calculated slopes: the 490\u2013665 nm and 705\u20131610 nm. This index was denoted as the Sentinel-2-based vegetation salinity index (SVSI) (band 4 \u2212 band 2)\/(band 5 + band 11).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T10:53:53Z","timestamp":1485946433000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Studying Vegetation Salinity: From the Field View to a Satellite-Based Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lugassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Human Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Samaria and the Jordan Rift Regional R&D Center, Science Park, Ariel 4070000, Israel"},{"name":"Civil Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naftaly","family":"Goldshleger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"},{"name":"Soil Erosion Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Chudnovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Human Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Water resources: A long-range global evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Gleick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecol. Law Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-003-0894-y","article-title":"Spatial dynamics of soil salinity under arid and semi-arid conditions: Geological and environmental implications","volume":"45","author":"Mateu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010","article-title":"Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review","volume":"60","author":"Parida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/39.11.1513","article-title":"Kinetics of root elongation of maize in response to short-term exposure to NaCl and elevated calcium concentration","volume":"39","author":"Cramer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1080\/01904169509365034","article-title":"Physiological responses of canola and weld mustard to salinity and contrasting calcium supply","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1080\/01904160802402807","article-title":"Influence of salinity on chlorophyll, leaf water potential, total soluble sugars, and mineral nutrients in two young olive cultivars","volume":"31","author":"Mousavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"359","article-title":"Analysing the relationship between ground based reflectance and environmental indicators of salinity processes in the Cochabamba Valleys (Bolivia)","volume":"24","author":"Metternicht","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinck, J.A., and Metternicht, G. (2009). Remote Sensing of Soil Salinization: Impact and Land Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420065039"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spectroscopy of rocks and minerals, and principles of spectroscopy","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Manual of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"121","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. V. Halides, phosphates, arsenates, vanadates, and borates","volume":"3","author":"Hunt","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mod. Geol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Workman, J.J., and Weyer, L. (2007). Practical Guide to Interpretive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420018318"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2691","article-title":"Preliminary study on the use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to assess nitrogen content of undried wheat plants","volume":"87","author":"Sawchik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2013.878720","article-title":"Use of infrared spectroscopy for in-field measurement and phenotyping of plant properties: Instrumentation, data analysis, and examples","volume":"49","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.793859","article-title":"Predicting salinity in tomato using soil reflectance spectra","volume":"34","author":"Goldshleger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1071\/FP12208","article-title":"Spectral assessments of wheat plants grown in pots and containers under saline conditions","volume":"40","author":"Hackl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-9016-2013-0338","article-title":"Spectral indices for the detection of salinity effects in melon plants","volume":"71","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.520343","article-title":"Spectral indicators for salinity effects in crops: A comparison of a new green indigo ratio with existing indices","volume":"2","author":"Rud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-8472(99)00027-1","article-title":"Plant\u2013water relations of NaCl and calcium-treated sunflower plants","volume":"42","author":"Sohan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.11.012","article-title":"Spatial\u2013spectral processing strategies for detection of salinity effects in cauliflower, aubergine and kohlrabi","volume":"114","author":"Rud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00125a007","article-title":"Determination of sodium chloride in meat by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"32","author":"Begley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08773.x","article-title":"Nondestructive Prediction of Moisture and Sodium Chloride in Cold Smoked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"67","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010006962","article-title":"Mapping of several soil properties using DAIS-7915 hyperspectral scanner data\u2014A case study over clayey soils in Israel","volume":"23","author":"Patkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Dor, E., Metternicht, G., Goldshleger, N., Mor, E., Mirlas, V., and Basson, U. (2008). Remote Sensing of Soil Salinization, CRC Press. Chapter 3.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420065039"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110107635","article-title":"Image-derived spectral endmembers as indicators of salinisation","volume":"24","author":"Dehaan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9900417","article-title":"Some spectral considerations for remote sensing of soil salinity","volume":"28","author":"Hick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00188-8","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil salinity: Potentials and constraints","volume":"85","author":"Metternicht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1995.03615995005900020014x","article-title":"Near-Infrared analysis as a rapid method to simultaneously evaluate several soil properties","volume":"59","author":"Banin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thenkabail, P., Lyon, J., and Huete, A. (2011). Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b11222-41"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:1(64)","article-title":"Method for normalization of soil salinity data","volume":"129","author":"Mirlas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-009-0204-x","article-title":"Effect of stage-specific saline irrigation on greenhouse tomato production","volume":"28","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"ASD FieldSpec Spectroradiometers Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.asdi.com\/products-and-services\/fieldspec-spectroradiometers."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Labsphere-Labsphere Internationally Recognized Photonics Company. Available online: https:\/\/www.labsphere.com\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Liu, L. (1998). Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100256","article-title":"Spectral slope as an indicator of pasture quality","volume":"7","author":"Lugassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70608045","article-title":"Estimating pasture quality of fresh vegetation based on spectral slope of mixed data of dry and fresh vegetation\u2014Method development","volume":"7","author":"Lugassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2013.06.056","article-title":"Prediction of soil texture distributions using VNIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","article-title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","volume":"67","author":"Kokaly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00163-2","article-title":"Investigating a physical basis for spectroscopic estimates of leaf nitrogen concentration","volume":"75","author":"Kokaly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.001","article-title":"Predicting in situ pasture quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, using continuum-removed absorption features","volume":"89","author":"Mutanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.009","article-title":"Continuum removed band depth analysis for detecting the effects of natural gas, methane and ethane on maize reflectance","volume":"105","author":"Noomen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mark, H. (2006). Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R. (2007). Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90069-2","article-title":"Remote sensing of foliar chemistry","volume":"30","author":"Curran","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1991.tb14495.x","article-title":"Primary and secondary effects of water content on the spectral reflectance of leaves","volume":"78","author":"Carter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0548-3","article-title":"Estimation of plant water content by spectral absorption features centered at 1,450 nm and 1,940 nm regions","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Esbensen, K.H., Guyot, D., Westad, F., and Houmoller, L.P. (2002). Multivariate Data Analysis\u2014In Practice\u202f: An Introduction to Multivariate Data Analysis and Experimental Design, Springer Science and Business Media."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0297","article-title":"Characterization of soil water content using measured visible and near infrared spectra","volume":"70","author":"Mouazen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Harris Geospatial Solutions. Available online: http:\/\/www.harrisgeospatial.com\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1193","article-title":"Remote sensing techniques for salt affected soil mapping: application to the Oran region of Algeria","volume":"33","author":"Dehni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2004.09.038","article-title":"Assessment of hydrosaline land degradation by using a simple approach of remote sensing indicators","volume":"77","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"EarthExplorer, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sentinel Online\u2013ESA. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/home."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/15.9.569","article-title":"Growth and water relations of three geographically separate origins of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) under saline conditions","volume":"15","author":"Loustau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.09.019","article-title":"Using imaging spectroscopy to study soil properties","volume":"113","author":"Chabrillat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.03.025","article-title":"Assessing soil salinity using soil salinity and vegetation indices derived from IKONOS high-spatial resolution imageries: Applications in a date palm dominated region","volume":"230\u2013231","author":"Allbed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.752","article-title":"Relating soil electrical conductivity to remote sensing and other soil properties for assessing soil salinity in Northeast Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Shrestha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:21Z","timestamp":1760207241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9020122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9020122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}}}