{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:45:34Z","timestamp":1778499934970,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mt. Baekdu is a volcano near the North Korea-Chinese border that experienced a few destructive eruptions over the course of its history, including the well-known 1702 A.D eruption. However, signals of unrest, including seismic activity, gas emission and intense geothermal activity, have been occurring with increasing frequency over the last few years. Due to its close vicinity to a densely populated area and the high magnitude of historical volcanic eruptions, its potential for destructive volcanic activity has drawn wide public attention. However, direct field surveying in the area is limited due to logistic challenges. In order to compensate for the limited coverage of ground observations, comprehensive measurements using remote sensing techniques are required. Among these techniques, Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) analysis is the most effective method for monitoring surface deformation and is employed in this study. Through advanced atmospheric error correction and time series analysis, the accuracy of the detected displacements was improved. As a result, clear uplift up to 20 mm\/year was identified around Mt. Baekdu and was further used to estimate the possible deformation source, which is considered as a consequence of magma and fault interaction. Since the method for tracing deformation was proved feasible, continuous DInSAR monitoring employing upcoming SAR missions and advanced error regulation algorithms will be of great value in monitoring comprehensive surface deformation over Mt. Baekdu and in general world-wide active volcanoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1486469298000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Investigation of Potential Volcanic Risk from Mt. Baekdu by DInSAR Time Series Analysis and Atmospheric Correction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3494-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Rack","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Dongdaemum-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University, 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei 11605, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Won","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Dongdaemum-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Lun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University, 64, Sec. 2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei 11605, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Jung","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Satellite Center, 64-18, Kwanghewon-ri, Juncheon-Gun, Chungchongpukdo 365-831, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungwook","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Seoul 143-747, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YunSoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Dongdaemum-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Volcanic hydrothermal activities and gas-releasing characteristics of the Tianchi lake region, Changbai mountains","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Geosci. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"503","article-title":"Analysis of the seismic activity at the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seismol. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7854\/JPSK.2012.21.1.001","article-title":"Analysis of unrest signs of activity at the Baegdusan volcano","volume":"21","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16305","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052600","article-title":"Recent unrest of Changbaishan volcano, northeast China: A precursor of a future eruption?","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3820","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50266","article-title":"Three-dimensional density modeling of the EGM2008 gravity field over the Mount Paekdu volcanic area","volume":"118","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB05p04993","article-title":"Topographic mapping from interferometric SAR observations","volume":"91","author":"Zebker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/375567a0","article-title":"Deflation of Mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry","volume":"375","author":"Massonnet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.011","article-title":"Geodetic observations and modeling of magmatic inflation at the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA","volume":"150","author":"Dzurisin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgia, A., Tizzani, P., Solaro, G., Manzo, M., Casu, F., Luongo, G., Pepe, A., Berardino, P., Fornaro, G., and Sansosti, E. (2005). Volcanic spreading of Vesuvius, a new paradigm for interpreting its volcanic activity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL022155"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"279","article-title":"20 years of active deformation on Volcano Caldera: Joint analysis of InSAR and AInSAR techniques","volume":"23","author":"Brunori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.010","article-title":"Volcanology: Lessons learned from synthetic aperture radar imagery","volume":"289","author":"Pinel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069518","article-title":"Assessing the volcanic hazard for Rome: 40Ar\/39Ar and In-SAR constraints on the most recent eruptive activity and present-day uplift at Colli Albani Volcanic District","volume":"43","author":"Marra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.05.009","article-title":"Integrating SAR and derived products into operational volcano monitoring and decision support systems","volume":"100","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.09.011","article-title":"Review of ten years of volcano deformation recorded by the ground-based InSAR monitoring system at Stromboli volcano: A tool to mitigate volcano flank dynamics and intense volcanic activity","volume":"139","author":"Nolesini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.05.015","article-title":"A wiggle-match age for the Millennium eruption of Tianchi Volcano at Changbaishan, Northeastern China","volume":"47","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC02p01231","article-title":"The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism","volume":"87","author":"Newhall","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yun, S.H., Cho, E., and Yang, I. (2014, January 15\u201319). Interpretation of historical eruptions of Mt. Baekdu Volcano, Korea. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900128","article-title":"Tropospheric sulfur dioxide observed by the ERS-2 GOME instrument","volume":"25","author":"Eisinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027957","article-title":"Using satellite data to characterize the temporal thermal behavior of an active volcano: Mount St. Helens, WA","volume":"33","author":"Vaughan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.888937","article-title":"Automatic and precise orthorectification, coregistration, and subpixel correlation of satellite images, application to ground deformation measurements","volume":"45","author":"Leprince","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02912701","article-title":"Multi temporal JERS-1 SAR investigation of Mt. Baekdu stratovolcano using differential interferometry","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geosci. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-013-0126-2","article-title":"Ground deformation tracking over Mt. Baekdu: A pre-evaluation of possible magma recharge by D-InSAR analysis","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/36.905230","article-title":"Analysis of topographic decorrelation in SAR interferometry using ratio coherence imagery","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.09.003","article-title":"Systematic assessment of atmospheric uncertainties for InSAR data at volcanic arcs using large-scale atmospheric models: Application to the Cascade volcanoes, United States","volume":"170","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063872","article-title":"Revised interpretation of recent InSAR signals observed at Llaima volcano (Chile)","volume":"42","author":"Remy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2043739","article-title":"Topographic correction for ALOS PALSAR interferometry","volume":"48","author":"Samsonov","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"NASA GSFC MODIS Atmosphere H2O Vapor, Available online: http:\/\/modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov\/MOD05_L2\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Muller, J.P., and Cross, P. (2003). Comparison of precipitable water vapor derived from radiosonde, GPS, and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003372"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Muller, J.P., Cross, P., and Fielding, E.J. (2005). Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction: GPS, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and InSAR integration. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth (1978\u20132012), 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003446"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500307342","article-title":"Assessment of the potential of MERIS near-infrared water vapor products to correct ASAR interferometric measurements","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813278","article-title":"SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal ground deformation using the permanent scatterers technique","volume":"41","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"247","article-title":"Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging satellites","volume":"15","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Geophys. Monogr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<0379:GMMZWD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"GPS meteorology: Mapping zenith wet delays onto precipitable water","volume":"33","author":"Bevis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015159","article-title":"Atmospheric models, GPS and InSAR measurements of the tropospheric water vapor field over Mount Etna","volume":"29","author":"Wadge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster, J., Brooks, B., Cherubini, T., Shacat, C., Businger, S., and Werner, C.L. (2006). Mitigating atmospheric noise for InSAR using a high resolution weather model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026781"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4970","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2157511","article-title":"On the Use of the WRF model to mitigate tropospheric phase delay effects in SAR interferograms","volume":"49","author":"Nico","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., and Kampes, B. (2004). A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021737"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Segall, P., and Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volc\u00e1n Alcedo, Gal\u00e1pagos. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004763"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"7","article-title":"Study of the deformation field of two active Mexican Strato volcanoes (Popocatepetl and Colima Volcano) by time series of InSAR data","volume":"Volume SP-649","author":"Pinel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fringe Workshop Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Chang, C., Yen, J., Hooper, A., Chou, F., Chen, Y., Hou, C., Hung, W., and Lin, M. (2008, January 15\u201319). Space-borne Radar for surface deformation analysis of northern Taiwan area, differential and persistent scatterer interferometry. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1128","article-title":"The 2008 May 29 earthquake doublet in SW Iceland","volume":"181","author":"Decriem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO050004","article-title":"Updated repeat orbit interferometry package released","volume":"85","author":"Rosen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802453","article-title":"Phase unwrapping for large SAR interferograms: statistical segmentation and generalized network models","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyss\u00e9gur, B., Michel, R., and Avouac, J.P. (2007). Tropospheric phase delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar estimated from meteorological model and multispectral imagery. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth (1978\u20132012), 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004352"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Skamarock, W.C., Klemp, J.B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Barker, D.M., Wang, W., and Powers, J.G. (2005). A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2 (No. NCAR\/TN-468+STR), National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Co Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction Updated Daily: NCEP FNL Operational Model Global Tropospheric Analyses, Continuing from July 1999, Available online: http:\/\/dss.ucar.edu\/datasets\/ds083.2\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3199.1","article-title":"A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Mlawer, E.J., and Clough, S.A. (1996, January 4\u20137). On the extension of RRTM to the shortwave region. Proceedings of the Sixth Atmospheric Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, CONF-9603149, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model","volume":"46","author":"Dudhia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1970)009<0857:TMROWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer","volume":"9","author":"Paulson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709641012","article-title":"Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer","volume":"96","author":"Dyer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640708","article-title":"Profile relationships: The log-linear range, and extension to strong stability","volume":"96","author":"Webb","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ek, M.B., Mitchell, K.E., Lin, Y., Rogers, E., Grunmann, P., Koren, V., Gayno, G., and Tarpley, J.D. (2003). Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003296"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"129","article-title":"The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6)","volume":"42","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: an update","volume":"43","author":"Kain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Yun, H.W., Kim, J.R., and Choi, Y.S. (2012). The application of InSAR signature time series for landcover classification. Geoadvanced."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL033091","article-title":"The 2004\u20132006 uplift episode at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): Constraints from SBAS-DInSAR ENVISAT data and Bayesian source inference","volume":"35","author":"Trasatti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.07.008","article-title":"Modeling of ALOS and COSMO-SkyMed satellite data at Mt Etna: Implications on relation between seismic activation of the Pernicana fault system and volcanic unrest","volume":"125","author":"Currenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009","article-title":"Overview of the ICESat mission","volume":"32","author":"Schutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Cao, B., Wang, G., and Liu, Z. (1999, January 20\u201322). The disaster features of rock avalanche and landslide in Tianchi Lake tourist area of Changbai Mountain. Proceedings of the 1999 IGCP-425 Meeting at Bonvin Building, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/cjg2.701","article-title":"Seismic activity at the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano in the summer of 2002","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlis, N.K., Holmes, S.A., Kenyon, S.C., and Factor, J.K. (2008). The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 117.","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3063757"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"99","article-title":"Relations between the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformation of the ground surfaces around them","volume":"36","author":"Mogi","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. Earth Res. Inst. Tokyo"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuya, M. (2004). Localized deformation at Miyakejima volcano based on JERS-1 radar interferometry: 1992\u20131998. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019364"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1085","article-title":"A modeling of the magma chamber beneath the Changbai Mountains volcanic area constrained by InSAR and GPS derived deformation","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.L., Wu, J.C., Guo, L.Y., Wang, X.Y., Tan, H.B., and Shen, C.Y. (2014, January 20). 3D coseismic deformation inversion of Wenchuan Ms8. 0 earthquake with D-InSAR and the fault movement model. Proceedings of the Remote Sensing of the Environment: 19th National Symposium on Remote Sensing of China, Xian City, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2205112"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Xu, B., Wen, Y., and Liu, Y. (2016). Heterogeneous fault mechanisms of the 6 October 2008 MW 6.3 Dangxiong (Tibet) earthquake using interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030228"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","article-title":"An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters","volume":"11","author":"Marquardt","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"32","article-title":"Influence on surface deformation by the three different stress source models in volcano area","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Northwest China"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Local interpolation of coseismic displacements measured by InSAR","volume":"23","author":"Yaseen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2014.03.009","article-title":"Coseismic and post-seismic slip of the 2009 L\u2019Aquila (central Italy) MW 6.3 earthquake and implications for seismic potential along the Campotosto fault from joint inversion of high-precision levelling, InSAR and GPS data","volume":"622","author":"Cheloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02824.x","article-title":"Stress interaction between seismic and volcanic activity at Mt Etna","volume":"164","author":"Feuillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011502","article-title":"Magma and fluid migration at Yellowstone Caldera in the last three decades inferred from InSAR, leveling, and gravity measurements","volume":"120","author":"Tizzani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia, M., Cervelli, P.F., and Murray, J.R. (2013). Modeling crustal deformation near active faults and volcanic centers-A catalog of deformation models, US Geological Survey Technique Methods.","DOI":"10.3133\/tm13B1"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2006.269.01.07","article-title":"Faults and ground uplift at active calderas","volume":"269","author":"Folch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.009","article-title":"Constraints on magma chamber geometry at Sierra Negra Volcano, Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, based on InSAR observations","volume":"150","author":"Yun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.010","article-title":"Surface deformation analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) based on spaceborne radar interferometry","volume":"151","author":"Manzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2003.08.014","article-title":"Modeling of recent volcanic episodes at Phlegrean Fields (Italy): Geochemical variations and ground deformation","volume":"33","author":"Todesco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiodini, G., Todesco, M., Caliro, S., Del Gaudio, C., Macedonio, G., and Russo, M. (2003). Magma degassing as a trigger of bradyseismic events: The case of Phlegrean Fields (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016790"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/dataset_discovery\/modis\/modis_products_table\/mod11a2."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, T.J., Parsons, B.E., and Lu, Z. (2004). Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018827"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013174","article-title":"The complete (3-D) surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 Mw7. 1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, from space geodetic observations","volume":"28","author":"Fialko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2181154","article-title":"Three-dimensional surface displacements from InSAR and GPS measurements with variance component estimation","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.01.007","article-title":"A simultaneous inversion for deformation rates and topographic errors of DInSAR data utilizing linear least square inversion technique","volume":"37","author":"Samsonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227761","article-title":"DEM error correction in InSAR time series","volume":"51","author":"Fattahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Chun, J.M., Rang Kim, K., Lee, S.Y., Kang, W.S., Park, J.S., Yi, C.Y., Choi, Y.J., Park, E.W., Hong, S.S., and Jung, H.S. (2013, January 7\u20132). High Resolution Forecasting System for Mountain area based on KLAPS-WRF. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference, Vienna, Austria."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:38Z","timestamp":1760207258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9020138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9020138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]]}}}