{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:27:30Z","timestamp":1791480450676,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping of shorelines and monitoring of their changes is challenging due to the large variation in shoreline position related to seasonal and tidal patterns. This study focused on a  flood-prone area in the north of Java. We show the possibility of using fuzzy-crisp objects to derive shoreline positions as the transition zone between the classes water and non-water. Fuzzy c-means classification (FCM) was used to estimate the membership of pixels to these classes. A transition zone between the classes represents the shoreline, and its spatial extent was estimated using  fuzzy-crisp objects. In change vector analysis (CVA) applied to water membership of successive shorelines, a change category was defined if the change magnitude between two years, T1 and T2, differed from zero, while zero magnitude corresponded to no-change category. Over several years, overall change magnitude and change directions of the shoreline allowed us to identify the trend of the fluctuating shoreline and the uncertainty distribution. The fuzzy error matrix (FERM) showed overall accuracies between 0.84 and 0.91. Multi-year patterns of water membership changes could indicate coastal processes such as: (a) high change direction and high change magnitude with a consistent positive direction probably corresponding to land subsidence and coastal inundation, while a consistent negative direction probably indicates a success in a shoreline protection scheme; (b) low change direction and high change magnitude indicating an abrupt change which may result from spring tides, extreme waves and winds; (c) high change direction and low change magnitude which could be due to cyclical tides and coastal processes; and (d) low change direction and low change magnitude probably indicating an undisturbed environment, such as changes in water turbidity or changes in soil moisture. The proposed method provided a way to analyze changes of shorelines as fuzzy objects and could be well-suited to apply to coastal areas around the globe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Change Vector Analysis to Monitor the Changes  in Fuzzy Shorelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ratna","family":"Dewi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wietske","family":"Bijker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2005.09.015","article-title":"Environmental design of coastal defence in Lido di Dante, Italy","volume":"52","author":"Zanuttigh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.025","article-title":"Shoreline change, seawalls, and coastal property values","volume":"114","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. 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