{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:25:20Z","timestamp":1770981920054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41531176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41531176"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Guangdong Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015A030310288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015A030310288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16lgpy03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16lgpy03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban growth is a process that imposes profound physical and socioeconomic restructuring on cities. Urban land expansion as an immediate physical manifestation of urban growth has been extensively studied using a variety of remote sensing methods. However, little research addresses the interactions between urban land expansion and corresponding activity changes, especially at local scales. We propose an innovative analytical framework that integrates Landsat and nighttime light data to capture the parcel-level relationships between urban land expansion and activity changes. The urban land data are acquired based on the classification of Landsat images, whereas the activity changes are approximated by the nighttime light data. Using the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) (local Moran\u2019s I) approach, four types of local relationships between land expansion and activity changes are defined at the parcel level. The proposed analytical framework is applied in Guangzhou, China, as a case study. The results reveal the mismatched growth between urban land and activity intensity at the parcel level, where the increase in urban land area outpaces the increase of activity intensity. Such results are expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of urban growth, and can be used to assist urban planning and related decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T12:55:34Z","timestamp":1487249734000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Analyzing Parcel-Level Relationships between Urban Land Expansion and Activity Changes by Integrating Landsat and Nighttime Light Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2013). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2012 Revision, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.032","article-title":"Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal DMSP\/OLS nighttime light data","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2009.09.007","article-title":"Remote sensing monitoring and driving force analysis of urban expansion in Guangzhou city, China","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117622109","article-title":"Urban land teleconnections and sustainability","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.017","article-title":"Per-pixel vs. Object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery","volume":"115","author":"Myint","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003639652","article-title":"Urban growth and change analysis using remote sensing and spatial metrics from 1975 to 2003 for Hanoi, Vietnam","volume":"32","author":"Pham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.012","article-title":"A comprehensive change detection method for updating the National Land Cover Database to circa 2011","volume":"132","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.007","article-title":"A 30-year (1984\u20132013) record of annual urban dynamics of Beijing city derived from Landsat data","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098009349770","article-title":"Economic growth and the expansion of urban land in China","volume":"47","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.890758","article-title":"Responses of SUOMI-NPP VIIRS-derived nighttime lights to socioeconomic activity in China\u2019s cities","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802345685","article-title":"Spatial characterization of electrical power consumption patterns over India using temporal DMSP-OLS night-time satellite data","volume":"30","author":"Chand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.10.032","article-title":"Detecting spatiotemporal dynamics of global electric power consumption using DMSP-OLS nighttime stable light data","volume":"184","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2015.1022420","article-title":"Modeling and mapping total freight traffic in china using NPP-VIIRS nighttime light composite data","volume":"52","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.022","article-title":"The vegetation adjusted NTL urban index: A new approach to reduce saturation and increase variation in nighttime luminosity","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201855","article-title":"DMSP-OLS radiance calibrated nighttime lights time series with intercalibration","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Wu, Z., Kuang, Y., Huang, N., and Wang, M. (2016). Coupling an intercalibration of radiance-calibrated nighttime light images and land use\/cover data for modeling and analyzing the distribution of GDP in Guangdong, China. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8020108"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local indicators of spatial association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098011417020","article-title":"District house price movements in England and Wales 1997\u20132007: An exploratory spatial data analysis approach","volume":"49","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015596923","article-title":"Measuring the influence of space and time effects on time on the market","volume":"53","author":"McGreal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.013","article-title":"Modeling residential developed land in rural areas: A size-restricted approach using parcel data","volume":"47","author":"Leyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098014553752","article-title":"Growth of rural migrant enclaves in Guangzhou, China: Agency, everyday practice and social mobility","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x","article-title":"GeoDa: An introduction to spatial data analysis","volume":"38","author":"Anselin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.831868","article-title":"Modeling urban land-use dynamics in a fast developing city using the modified logistic cellular automaton with a patch-based simulation strategy","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.831097","article-title":"Simulating urban growth by integrating landscape expansion index (LEI) and cellular automata","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.10.013","article-title":"Investigating urbanization and its spatial determinants in the central districts of Guangzhou, China","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/13604813.2012.734076","article-title":"Unequal cities of spectacle and mega-events in China","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098013515031","article-title":"Urban spatial restructuring, event-led development and scalar politics","volume":"51","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2427.2005.00585.x","article-title":"City repositioning and competitiveness building in regional development: New development strategies in Guangzhou, China","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Region. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2008.12.005","article-title":"Urban spill over vs. Local urban sprawl: Entangling land-use regulations in the urban growth of China\u2019s megacities","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304987","article-title":"Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery","volume":"24","author":"Zha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.953263","article-title":"Diverse relationships between SUOMI-NPP VIIRS night-time light and multi-scale socioeconomic activity","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-009-0213-y","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ng, M.K., and Xu, J. (2014). Maturing Megacities, Springer."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.08.005","article-title":"Speculative urbanism and the making of university towns in China: A case of Guangzhou university town","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.02.001","article-title":"The new urbanization policy in China: Which way forward?","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.32.1.50","article-title":"Urbanization of capital or capitalization on urban land? Land development and local public finance in urbanizing China","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecosys.2005.07.002","article-title":"The paradox of China\u2019s growing under-urbanization","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793930514000142","article-title":"China\u2019s \u201cghost cities\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Asian Policy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.011","article-title":"Landsat analysis of urban growth: How Tokyo became the world\u2019s largest megacity during the last 40 years","volume":"127","author":"Bagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.08.002","article-title":"Analyzing land-cover change and corresponding impacts on carbon budget in a fast developing sub-tropical region by integrating MODIS and Landsat TM\/ETM+ images","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:28:25Z","timestamp":1760207305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/2\/164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9020164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9020164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]]}}}