{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:43:59Z","timestamp":1780051439176,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fire detection from satellite sensors relies on an accurate estimation of the unperturbed state of a target pixel, from which an anomaly can be isolated. Methods for estimating the radiation budget of a pixel without fire depend upon training data derived from the location\u2019s recent history of brightness temperature variation over the diurnal cycle, which can be vulnerable to cloud contamination and the effects of weather. This study proposes a new method that utilises the common solar budget found at a given latitude in conjunction with an area\u2019s local solar time to aggregate a broad-area training dataset, which can be used to model the expected diurnal temperature cycle of a location. This training data is then used in a temperature fitting process with the measured brightness temperatures in a pixel, and compared to pixel-derived training data and contextual methods of background temperature determination. Results of this study show similar accuracy between clear-sky medium wave infrared upwelling radiation and the diurnal temperature cycle estimation compared to previous methods, with demonstrable improvements in processing time and training data availability. This method can be used in conjunction with brightness temperature thresholds to provide a baseline for upwelling radiation, from which positive thermal anomalies such as fire can be isolated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]],"date-time":"2017-02-17T12:10:34Z","timestamp":1487333434000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Broad-Area Method for the Diurnal Characterisation of Upwelling Medium Wave Infrared Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bryan","family":"Hally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Bushfire and Natural Hazards Co-operative Research Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500AA, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4642-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Bushfire and Natural Hazards Co-operative Research Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4333-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Reinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Bushfire and Natural Hazards Co-operative Research Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Bushfire and Natural Hazards Co-operative Research Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163886","article-title":"Fire in the Earth system","volume":"324","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Roy, D.P., Boschetti, L., and Smith, A.M. 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