{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T09:53:25Z","timestamp":1779098005040,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatial distribution of disturbances in Andean tropical forests and protected areas has commonly been calculated using bi or tri-temporal analysis because of persistent cloud cover and complex topography. Long-term trends of vegetative decline (browning) or improvement (greening) have thus not been evaluated despite their importance for assessing conservation strategy implementation in regions where field-based monitoring by environmental authorities is limited. Using Colombia\u2019s Cordillera de los Picachos National Natural Park as a case study, we provide a temporally rigorous assessment of regional vegetation change from 2001\u20132015 with two remote sensing-based approaches using the Breaks For Additive Season and Trend (BFAST) algorithm. First, we measured long-term vegetation trends using a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) time series, and, second, we mapped short-term disturbances using all available Landsat images. MAIAC-derived trends indicate a net greening in 6% of the park, but in the surrounding 10 km area outside of the park, a net browning trend prevails at 2.5%. We also identified a 12,500 ha area within Picachos (4% of the park\u2019s total area) that has shown at least 13 years of consecutive browning, a result that was corroborated with our Landsat-based approach that recorded a 12,642 ha (\u00b11440 ha) area of disturbed forest within the park. Landsat vegetation disturbance results had user\u2019s and producer\u2019s accuracies of 0.95 \u00b1 0.02 and 0.83 \u00b1 0.18, respectively, and 75% of Landsat-detected dates of disturbance events were accurate within \u00b16 months. This study provides new insights into the contribution of short-term disturbance to long-term trends of vegetation change, and offers an unprecedented perspective on the distribution of small-scale disturbances over a 15-year period in one of the most inaccessible national parks in the Andes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1487763652000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Leveraging Multi-Sensor Time Series Datasets to Map Short- and Long-Term Tropical Forest Disturbances in the Colombian Andes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Murillo-Sandoval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Departamento de Topograf\u00eda, Facultad de Tecnolog\u00edas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagu\u00e9 73000 6299, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamon","family":"Van Den Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hilker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"},{"name":"Deceased"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.06.020","article-title":"Selecting and conserving lands for biodiversity: The role of remote sensing","volume":"113","author":"Wiens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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