{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:45:50Z","timestamp":1784090750243,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41271372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271372"]}]},{"name":"the Innovation Team Program of Hainan Natural Science Foundation","award":["2016CXTD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016CXTD015"]}]},{"name":"the Major Programs of High\u2013Resolution Earth Observation System","award":["32\u2013Y2\u20130A17\u20139001\u201315\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32\u2013Y2\u20130A17\u20139001\u201315\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative estimation of the magnitude and variability of gross primary productivity (GPP) is required to study the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystem. Using ecosystem models and remotely-sensed data is a practical method for accurately estimating GPP. This study presents a method for assimilating high-quality leaf area index (LAI) products retrieved from satellite data into a process-oriented Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM) to acquire accurate GPP. The assimilation methods, including the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based ensemble four-dimensional (4D) variational assimilation method (PODEn4DVar), incorporate information provided by observations into the model to achieve a better agreement between the model-estimated and observed GPP. The LPJ-POD scheme performs better with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.923 and RMSD of 32.676 gC\/m2\/month compared with the LPJ-EnKF scheme (r = 0.887, RMSD = 38.531 gC\/m2\/month) and with no data assimilation (r = 0.840, RMSD = 45.410 gC\/m2\/month). Applying the PODEn4DVar method into LPJ-DGVM for simulating GPP in China shows that the annual amount of GPP in China varied between 5.92 PgC and 6.67 PgC during 2003\u20132012 with an annual mean of 6.35 PgC\/yr. This study demonstrates that integrating remotely-sensed data with dynamic global vegetation models through data assimilation methods has potential in optimizing the simulation and that the LPJ-POD scheme shows better performance in improving GPP estimates, which can provide a favorable way for accurately estimating dynamics of ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assimilation of Remotely-Sensed Leaf Area Index into a Dynamic Vegetation Model for Gross Primary Productivity Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences (ICCES), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 519082, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Zhuhai Joint Innovative Center for Climate-Environment-Ecosystem Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Dynamics Urban Climate and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomomichi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608589, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5116043","article-title":"Recent Changes in Terrestrial Gross Primary Productivity in Asia from 1982 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Ichii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.022","article-title":"Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"114","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) in tropical monsoon regions","volume":"100","author":"Gebremichael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.05.010","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing for modeling gross primary production of deciduous forests","volume":"92","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x","article-title":"Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model","volume":"9","author":"Sitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1999.00009.x","article-title":"Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Overview and key results","volume":"5","author":"Cramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.026","article-title":"Experiments of one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation system based on ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.023","article-title":"Assimilation of leaf area index derived from ASAR and MERIS data into CERES-Wheat model to map wheat yield","volume":"112","author":"Dente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.018","article-title":"Assimilation of remotely sensed soil moisture and vegetation with a crop simulation model for maize yield prediction","volume":"138","author":"Ines","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-003-0036-9","article-title":"The Ensemble Kalman Filter: Theoretical formulation and practical implementation","volume":"53","author":"Evensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2005.0033","article-title":"Root Zone Soil Moisture Assessment Using Remote Sensing and Vadose Zone Modeling","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.11.002","article-title":"A very fast simulated re-annealing (VFSA) approach for land data assimilation","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.81.1111","article-title":"A New Satellite-Based Data Assimilation Algorithm to Determine Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Moisture and Temperature Profiles","volume":"81","author":"Pathmathevan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(00)00043-9","article-title":"One-dimensional soil moisture profile retrieval by assimilation of near-surface observations: A comparison of retrieval algorithms","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Water Rescour."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.F., Ma, M.G., Han, X.J., and Song, Y. (2009). Assimilation of soil moisture in LPJ-DGVM. Proc. SPIE, 7472.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.830312"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"8297","article-title":"Modeling the impact of drought on canopy carbon and water fluxes through parameter optimization using an ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"6","author":"Ju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.020","article-title":"Assimilating canopy reflectance data into an ecosystem model with an Ensemble Kalman Filter","volume":"112","author":"Quaife","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2010.00442.x","article-title":"A hybrid approach to estimating error covariances in variational data assimilation","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.132","article-title":"The potential of the ensemble Kalman filter for NWP\u2014A comparison with 4D-Var","volume":"129","author":"Lorenc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-0001-8","article-title":"Coupling ensemble Kalman filter with four-dimensional variational data assimilation","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2011.00529.x","article-title":"A POD-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation method","volume":"63","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1063","article-title":"A dual-pass variational data assimilation framework for estimating soil moisture profiles from AMSR-E microwave brightness temperature","volume":"114","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, X.J., Xie, Z.H., Dai, A.G., Jia, B.H., and Shi, C.X. (2010). A microwave land data assimilation system: Scheme and preliminary evaluation over China. J. Geophys. Res., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014370"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13281","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-13281-2014","article-title":"A joint data assimilation system (Tan-Tracker) to simultaneously estimate surface CO2 fluxes and 3-D atmospheric concentrations from observations","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26045","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v67.26045","article-title":"PODEn4DVar-based radar data assimilation scheme: Formulation and preliminary results from real-data experiments with advanced research WRF (ARW)","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The Data Portal serving the FLUXNET community. Available online: http:\/\/fluxnet.fluxdata.org\/."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"11627","article-title":"Remote sensing of annual terrestrial gross primary productivity from MODIS: An assessment using the FLUXNET La Thuile dataset","volume":"10","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x","article-title":"On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Reichstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043321","article-title":"Evaluating Parameter Adjustment in the MODIS Gross Primary Production Algorithm Based on Eddy Covariance Tower Measurements","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, K., Schwalm, C.R., Williams, C., Arain, M.A., Barr, A., Chen, J.M., Davis, K.J., Dimitrov, D., Hilton, T.W., and Hollinger, D.Y. (2012). A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG001960"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.012","article-title":"Comparison of multiple models for estimating gross primary production using MODIS and eddy covariance data in Harvard Forest","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02499.x","article-title":"Quantifying the hydrological responses to climate change in an intact forested small watershed in Southern China","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/035021","article-title":"Effects of drought and ice rain on potential productivity of a subtropical coniferous plantation from 2003 to 2010 based on eddy covariance flux observation","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.12.002","article-title":"Satellite-based estimation of evapotranspiration of an old-growth temperate mixed forest","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-006-8207-4","article-title":"Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and controlling factors in a steppe\u2014Kobresia meadow on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01153.x","article-title":"Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.200","article-title":"Effects of spring drought on carbon sequestration, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in the Songnen Meadow Steppe in Northeast China","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<2217:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Representing Twentieth\u2013Century Space\u2013Time Climate Variability. Part II: Development of a 1901\u20131996 Mean Monthly Terrestrial Climatology","volume":"13","author":"New","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD03410","article-title":"Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn","volume":"101","author":"Etheridge","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/375666a0","article-title":"Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980","volume":"375","author":"Keeling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Zobler, L. (1986). A World Soil File for Global Climate Modelling."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2237780","article-title":"Use of general regression neural networks for generating the GLASS leaf area index product from time-series MODIS surface reflectance","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2560522","article-title":"Long-time-series global land surface satellite leaf area index product derived from MODIS and AVHRR surface reflectance","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Generation & Applications of Global Products of Essential Land Variables. Available online: http:\/\/glass-product.bnu.edu.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.805262","article-title":"A long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) data-set for environmental studies","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1029\/96GB02344","article-title":"BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types","volume":"10","author":"Haxeltine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/2390165","article-title":"A general model for the light-use efficiency of primary production","volume":"10","author":"Haxeltine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/2845499","article-title":"A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate","volume":"19","author":"Prentice","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2006.02.002","article-title":"SEVER: A modification of the LPJ global dynamic vegetation model for daily time step and parallel computation","volume":"22","author":"Venevsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armston, J.D., Denham, R.J., Danaher, T.J., Scarth, P.F., and Moffiet, T.N. (2009). Prediction and validation of foliage projective cover from Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. J. Appl. Remote Sens., 3.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3216031"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"22","article-title":"\u00dcber den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften und seine Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Stoffproduktion","volume":"14","author":"Monsi","year":"1953","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2307\/1940088","article-title":"Primary unit of the tree crown","volume":"74","author":"Zeide","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC00572","article-title":"Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte-Carlo methods to forecast error statistics","volume":"99","author":"Evensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<0796:DAUAEK>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter technique","volume":"126","author":"Houtekamer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1998)126<1719:ASITEK>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Analysis scheme in the ensemble Kalman filter","volume":"126","author":"Burgers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, S.L., Li, X., and Xie, X.H. (2013). Land Surface Observation, Modeling and Data Assimilation, The Higher Education Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/8768"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729893","article-title":"Adjustment of an inverse matrix corresponding to a change in one element of a given matrix","volume":"21","author":"Sherman","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18375","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v64i0.18375","article-title":"Implementations of a square-root ensemble analysis and a hybrid localisation into the POD-based ensemble 4DVar","volume":"64","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"7182","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2452955","article-title":"First evaluation of aquarius soil moisture products using In Situ observations and GLDAS model simulations","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.02.049","article-title":"Estimation of forest stand volumes by Landsat TM imagery and stand-level field-inventory data","volume":"196","author":"Pekkarinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.024","article-title":"Estimation of gross primary production over the terrestrial ecosystems in China","volume":"261\u2013262","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-012-0348-5","article-title":"Changes of net primary productivity in China during recent 11 years deteccted using an ecological model driven by MODIS data","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2006.09.021","article-title":"Net primary productivity of China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing","volume":"85","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"29","article-title":"Features of Weather and Climate in China 2003","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"112","article-title":"Climatic Characteristics in China in 2006","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"118","article-title":"Overview of the Climate in China in 2007","volume":"34","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"500","article-title":"Climatic Characteristics over China in 2012","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.038","article-title":"Assimilation of remotely sensed data for improved latent and sensible heat flux prediction: A comparative synthetic study","volume":"112","author":"Pipunic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M., Tian, X., Li, Z.Y., Chen, E.X., Wang, X.F., Han, Z.T., and Sun, H. (2016). Simulation of forest carbon fluxes using model incorporation and data assimilation. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070567"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.08.016","article-title":"Assimilating remote sensing information with crop model using Ensemble Kalman Filter for improving LAI monitoring and yield estimation","volume":"270","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-5160-0","article-title":"Integrating a model with remote sensing observations by a data assimilation approach to improve the model simulation accuracy of carbon flux and evapotranspiration at two flux sites","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15402","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030014","article-title":"Assimilation of global MODIS leaf area index retrievals within a terrestrial biosphere model","volume":"34","author":"Demarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2016.01.006","article-title":"Accurate representation of leaf longevity is important for simulating ecosystem carbon cycle","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002395","article-title":"Effects of parameter uncertainties on the modeling of terrestrial biosphere dynamics","volume":"19","author":"Zaehle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.013","article-title":"Parameter unvertainties in the modeling of vegetation dynamics-effects on tree community structure and ecosystem functioning in European forest biomes","volume":"216","author":"Wramneby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1890\/ES10-00087.1","article-title":"Estimating potential forest NPP, biomass and their climatic sensitivity in New England using a dynamic ecosystem model","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.09.029","article-title":"Terrestrial vegetation and water balance\u2014hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model","volume":"286","author":"Gerten","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.032","article-title":"Application of BIOME-BGC to simulate Mediterranean forest processes","volume":"206","author":"Chiesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0097-8","article-title":"Simulation study of China's net primary production","volume":"293","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Liu, M.L. (2001). Land Use\/Cover Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Phytomass Carbon Pool and Production in China. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Remote Sensing Application, CAS]. (In Chinese with English Abstract)."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Estimation of net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation in China by remote sensing","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Sin."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"732","article-title":"Estimation of gross primary productivity in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems by using VPM model","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"109","article-title":"The changes of net primary productivity in Chinese terrestrial ecosystem: Based on process and parameter models","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/3\/188\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:02Z","timestamp":1760207342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/3\/188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9030188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9030188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}}}