{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:55:49Z","timestamp":1787313349311,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A linear relationship between the annual gross primary production (GPP) and a PAR-weighted vegetation index is theoretically derived from the Monteith equation. A semi-empirical model is then proposed to estimate the annual GPP from commonly available vegetation indices images and a representative PAR, which does not require actual meteorological data. A cross validation procedure is used to calibrate and validate the model predictions against reference data. As the calibration\/validation process depends on the reference GPP product, the higher the quality of the reference GPP, the better the performance of the semi-empirical model. The annual GPP has been estimated at 1-km scale from MODIS NDVI and EVI images for eight years. Two reference data sets have been used: an optimized GPP product for the study area previously obtained and the MOD17A3 product. Different statistics show a good agreement between the estimates and the reference GPP data, with correlation coefficient around 0.9 and relative RMSE around 20%. The annual GPP is overestimated in semiarid areas and slightly underestimated in dense forest areas. With the above limitations, the model provides an excellent compromise between simplicity and accuracy for the calculation of long time series of annual GPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1487850301000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Annual Gross Primary Production from Vegetation Indices: A Theoretically Sound Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Gilabert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Group (UV\u2013ERS), Departament F\u00edsica de la Terra i Termodin\u00e0mica, Facultat de F\u00edsica, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4849-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Group (UV\u2013ERS), Departament F\u00edsica de la Terra i Termodin\u00e0mica, Facultat de F\u00edsica, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Group (UV\u2013ERS), Departament F\u00edsica de la Terra i Termodin\u00e0mica, Facultat de F\u00edsica, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x","article-title":"On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Reichtein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. 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