{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:22:44Z","timestamp":1785723764543,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41230744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41230744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the CAS\/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams","award":["KZZD-EW-TZ-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KZZD-EW-TZ-08"]}]},{"name":"International Science &amp; Technolog Cooperation Program of China","award":["2014DFG91780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014DFG91780"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the long-term variations in primary production in Lake Taihu using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, based on the Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM). We firstly test the applicability of VGPM in Lake Taihu by comparing the results between the model-derived and the in situ results, and the results showed that a strong significant correlation (R2 = 0.753, p &lt; 0.001, n = 63). Then, VGPM was used to map temporal-spatial distributions of primary production in Lake Taihu. The annual mean daily primary production of Lake Taihu from 2003 to 2013 was 1094.06 \u00b1 720.74 mg\u00b7C\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7d\u22121. Long-term primary production maps estimated from the MODIS data demonstrated marked temporal and spatial variations. Spatially, the primary production in bays, especially in Zhushan Bay and Meiliang Bay, was consistently higher than that in the open area of Lake Taihu, which was caused by chlorophyll-a concentrations resulting from high nutrient concentrations. Temporally, the seasonal variation of primary production from 2003 to 2013 was: summer &gt; autumn &gt; spring &gt; winter, with significantly higher primary production found in summer and autumn than in winter (p &lt; 0.005, t-test), primarily caused by seasonal variations in water temperature. On a monthly scale, the primary production exerts a clear character of bimodality, increasing from January to May, decreasing in June or July, and finally reaching its highest value during August or September. Wind is another important factor that could affect the spatial variations of primary production in the large, eutrophic and shallow Lake Taihu.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T11:19:50Z","timestamp":1487935190000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Phytoplankton Primary Production in Lake Taihu Derived from MODIS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yubing","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"College of Resources &amp; Environment, GIS Research Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3382-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources &amp; Environment, GIS Research Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taihu Lake Laboratory Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-8-1049-2014","article-title":"Time Series Analysis of Primary production along the East Coast of India Using Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (O cm)","volume":"40","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-015-9384-z","article-title":"A review of the global relationship among freshwater fish, autotrophic activity, and regional climate","volume":"25","author":"Deines","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002299","article-title":"Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space","volume":"19","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystem","volume":"21","author":"Wetzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2009.12.007","article-title":"In situ-measured primary production in Lake Superior","volume":"36","author":"Sterner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1524","article-title":"Bio-optical modeling of photosynthetic production","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02873088","article-title":"Estimation of ocean primary production and its spatio-temporal variation mechanism for East China Sea based on VGPM model","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2016.02.004","article-title":"Lake-wide phytoplankton production and abundance in the Upper Great Lakes: 2010\u20132013","volume":"42","author":"Fahnenstiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1545","article-title":"Surface pigments, algal biomass profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer: Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote sensing applications","volume":"34","author":"Morel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2010.03.009","article-title":"Recent Changes in Primary Production and Phytoplankton in the Offshore Region of Southeastern Lake Michigan","volume":"36","author":"Fahnenstiel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/7.1.57","article-title":"Estimating ocean primary production from satellite chlorophyll\u2014Introduction to regional differences and statistics for the southern California bight","volume":"7","author":"Eppley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.7.1479","article-title":"A consumer\u2019s guide to phytoplankton primary production models","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.01.028","article-title":"A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color","volume":"53","author":"Carr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.1.0001","article-title":"Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.11.025","article-title":"Modification of the vertically generalized production model for the turbid waters of Ariake bay, southwestern Japan","volume":"97","author":"Tripathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1117\/12.411670","article-title":"Two-phytoplankton community model of primary production for ocean color satellite data","volume":"4154","author":"Kameda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hyperspectr. Remote Sens. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9830-5","article-title":"Estimation of the primary production in pearl river estuary using MODIS data","volume":"38","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1139\/f74-100","article-title":"A comparative Review of Phytoplankton and Primary Production in the Laurentian Great Lakes","volume":"31","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4868825","article-title":"Estimation of primary production in Banda Sea using the vertical distribution model","volume":"1589","author":"Kemili","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"27-1","article-title":"Influence of the El Ni\u00f1o\u2014La Ni\u00f1a cycle, on satellite-derived primary production, in the California Current","volume":"29","author":"Kahru","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Mar."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(02)00047-4","article-title":"Satellite ocean-color observations of the tropical pacific ocean","volume":"49","author":"Mcclain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL016889","article-title":"Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes","volume":"30","author":"Gregg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbm049","article-title":"Temporal\u2014Spatial variations of chlorophyll a and primary production in meiliang bay, Lake Taihu, China from 1995 to 2003","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phytoplankton Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.18307\/2008.0319","article-title":"Spatial pattern of euphotic depth and estimation of phytoplankton primary production in Lake Taihu in autumn 2004","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201105070595","article-title":"Estimation of spatial and seasonal changes in phytoplankton primary production in meiliang bay, Lake Taihu, based on the vertically generalized production model and MODIS data","volume":"32","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"707","article-title":"Simulation of backscattering properties of Taihu Lake","volume":"20","author":"Zha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.005","article-title":"A four-band semi-analytical model for estimating chlorophyll a in highly turbid lakes: The case of Taihu Lake, China","volume":"113","author":"Le","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-006-0521-5","article-title":"Environmental issues of Lake Taihu, China","volume":"581","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9579-6","article-title":"Specific absorption coefficient and the phytoplankton package effect in Lake Taihu, China","volume":"619","author":"Le","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, K., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, X., Zhu, G., Qin, B., and Gao, G. Long-term MODIS observations of cyanobacterial dynamics in Lake Taihu: Responses to nutrient enrichment and meteorological factors. Sci. Rep., 2017.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40326"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-009-9393-6","article-title":"A drinking water crisis in Lake Taihu, China: Linkage to climatic variability and lake management","volume":"45","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shi, K., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., and Qin, B. (2014). Lake topography and wind waves determining seasonal-spatial dynamics of total suspended matter in turbid Lake Taihu, China: Assessment using long-term high-resolution MERIS data. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098055"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.18307\/2006.0114","article-title":"Analyses on water quality and its protection in east Lake Taihu","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.023","article-title":"Modelling primary production in shallow well mixed lakes based on MERIS satellite data","volume":"163","author":"Kauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/10.6.1273","article-title":"Primary production in lakes Huron and Michigan: In vitro and in situ comparisons","volume":"10","author":"Fahnenstiel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigations of the production of plankton in the Oslo Fjord","volume":"42","author":"Gaarder","year":"1927","journal-title":"J. Conseil\u2014Conseil Permanent Int. l\u2019Explor. Mer."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2386333","article-title":"Validating and mapping surface water temperatures in Lake Taihu: Results from MODIS land surface temperature products","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.013","article-title":"Remote sensing of diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation in Lake Taihu using MERIS data","volume":"140","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"118","article-title":"The basic characteristic and climatological calculation of the photosythetically available radiation in Taihu region","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"339","article-title":"Nanjing. Climatological calculation and characteristic analysis of global radiation over Wuxi region","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2013.05.001","article-title":"A model for determining satellite-derived primary production estimates for Lake Michigan","volume":"39","author":"Shuchman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12569","article-title":"Relative importance of phosphorus, invasive mussels and climate for patterns in chlorophyll a and primary production in Lakes Michigan and Huron","volume":"60","author":"Warner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4157\/ejgeo.5.138","article-title":"Eutrophication of lake taihu in China and post-response to the plague of algal bloom in 2007","volume":"5","author":"Asano","year":"2011","journal-title":"E-Journal GEO"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"303","article-title":"Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations of cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake, China","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.012","article-title":"Water property monitoring and assessment for China\u2019s inland Lake Taihu from MODIS-Aqua measurements","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-013-0190-8","article-title":"Modeling the long-term variability of phytoplankton functional groups and primary production in the South China Sea","volume":"69","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"28","article-title":"Primary production of benthic algae community in the Donghu Lake","volume":"29","author":"Pei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. South-Central Univ. Natly (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.013","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and primary production in lake Tanganyika using a MODIS based bio-optical time series","volume":"114","author":"Bergamino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-4383-2013","article-title":"Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic ocean: Impact of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal and annual primary production estimates","volume":"10","author":"Ardyna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-006-0408-4","article-title":"Satellite-derived primary production and its spatial and temporal variability in the China seas","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-005-0074-7","article-title":"Size-fractionated primary production estimated by a Two-phytoplankton community model applicable to ocean color remote sensing","volume":"61","author":"Kameda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12330","article-title":"Earlier and warmer springs increase cyanobacterial (microcystis spp.) blooms in subtropical Lake Taihu, China","volume":"59","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Qin, B., Paerl, H.W., Zhang, Y., Wu, P., Ma, J., and Chen, Y. (2014). Effects of nutrients, temperature and their interactions on spring phytoplankton community succession in Lake Taihu, China. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113960"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02705060.2014.960901","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in different areas of Lake Taihu, China","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Freshw. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"954","article-title":"Space distribution characteristics and diversity analysis of phosphorus from overlying water and surface sediments in Taihu Lake","volume":"31","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.18307\/2007.0612","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of physicochemical characteristics and nutrients in sediments of Lake Taihu","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/3\/195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:29:08Z","timestamp":1760207348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/3\/195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9030195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9030195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]}}}