{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:05:55Z","timestamp":1777928755746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,25]],"date-time":"2017-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate the simultaneous effects of aerosol peak height (APH), aerosol properties, measurement geometry, and other factors on the air mass factor for NO2 retrieval at sites with high NO2 concentration. A comparison of the effects of high and low surface reflectance reveals that NO2 air mass factor (AMF) values over a snowy surface (surface reflectance 0.8) are generally higher than those over a deciduous forest surface (surface reflectance 0.05). Under high aerosol optical depth (AOD) conditions, the aerosol shielding effect over a high-albedo surface is revealed to reduce the path-length of light at the surface, whereas high single scattering albedo (SSA) conditions (e.g., SSA = 0.95) lead to an increase in the aerosol albedo effect, which results in an increased AMF over areas with low surface reflectance. We also conducted an in-depth study of the APH effect on AMF. For an AOD of 0.1 and half width (HW) of 5 km, NO2 AMF decreases by 29% from 1.36 to 0.96 as APH changes from 0 to 2 km. In the case of high-AOD conditions (0.9) and HW of 5 km, the NO2 AMF decreases by 240% from 1.85 to 0.54 as APH changes from 0 to 2 km. The AMF variation due to error in the model input parameters (e.g., AOD, SSA, aerosol shape, and APH) is also examined. When APH is 0 km with an AOD of 0.4, SSA of 0.88, and surface reflectance of 0.05, a 30% error in AOD induces an AMF error of between 4.85% and \u22123.67%, an SSA error of 0.04 leads to NO2 VCD errors of between 4.46% and \u22124.77%, and a 30% error in AOD induces an AMF error of between \u22129.53% and 8.35% with an APH of 3 km. In addition to AOD and SSA, APH is an important factor in calculating AMF, due to the 2 km error in APH under high-SZA conditions, which leads to an NO2 VCD error of over 60%. Aerosol shape is also found to have a measureable effect on AMF under high-AOD and small relative azimuth angle (RAA) conditions. The diurnal effect of the NO2 profile is also examined and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1488193220000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Investigation of Simultaneous Effects of Aerosol Properties and Aerosol Peak Height on the Air Mass Factors for Space-Borne NO2 Retrievals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hyunkee","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science Major of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanlim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science Major of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmosphere Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ukkyo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaeyong","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Environmental Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon 631-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy &amp; Mineral Resource Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3867-2009","article-title":"Validation of urban NO2 concentrations and their diurnal and seasonal variations observed from the SCIAMACHY and OMI sensors using in situ surface measurements in Israeli cities","volume":"9","author":"Boersma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmo. 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