{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:40:59Z","timestamp":1789479659598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We estimate two essential sea ice parameters\u2014namely, sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea ice thickness (SIT)\u2014for the Bohai Sea using a combination of a thermodynamic sea ice model and Earth observation (EO) data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and microwave radiometer. We compare the SIC and SIT estimation results with in-situ measurements conducted in the study area and estimates based on independent EO data from near-infrared\/optical instruments. These comparisons suggest that the SAR-based discrimination between sea ice and open-water works well, and areas of thinner and thicker ice can be distinguished. A larger comprehensive training dataset is needed to set up an operational algorithm for the estimation of SIC and SIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T11:30:04Z","timestamp":1488540604000},"page":"234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Bohai Sea Ice Parameter Estimation Based on Thermodynamic Ice Model and Earth Observation Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Karvonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), PB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, State Oceanic Administration, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), PB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Simil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), PB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"M\u00e4kynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), PB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Vihma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), PB 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sea ice in the Bohai Sea of China","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. 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