{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1775155011897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Tsaoling Landslide in Taiwan has captured attentions of researchers worldwide due to its frequent catastrophic failure and distinctive features. Thanks to the launch of TerraSAR-X\/TanDEM-X (TSX\/TDX) constellation, retrieval of global DEM with high spatial resolution and accuracy becomes possible, which is extremely useful for the study of natural hazards (e.g., landslides) globally. We attempt here for the first time to track recent landslide movements in Tsaoling Taiwan by analyzing DEM time series reconstructed from TSX\/TDX image pairs. Quality improvement of InSAR derived DEM through an iterated differential operation is addressed during the data processing. Five cliffs and the Chingshui River are selected to determine the spatial pattern of morphologic changes of the landslide. The results show that: (a) A large amount of collapses occurred on dip slopes in the period from 2011 to 2014 and on surrounding debris deposits during the rainy seasons; (b) The average recession rate of the Chunqui Cliff decreased from 24.4 m\/yr to 19.6 m\/yr compared with the result between 1999 and 2009; (c) The Tsaoling Landslide has lost 6.90  \u00d7106 m\u00b3 of soil from November of 2011 to April of 2014, which shows a positive correlation of 0.853 with rainfall; (d) The Chingshui River is undergoing a gradual bed erosion with a volumes of 1.84 \u00d7106 m\u00b3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1491562193000},"page":"353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Recent Landslide Movement in Tsaoling, Taiwan Tracked by TerraSAR-X\/TanDEM-X DEM Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazards Prevention and Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazards Prevention and Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4575-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangcai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rou-Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ching-Weei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5589\/m04-025","article-title":"Application of remotely sensed data to the assessment of terrain factors affecting the Tsao-Ling landslide","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.008","article-title":"Topographical changes revealed by high-resolution airborne Lidar data: The 1999 Tsaoling landslide induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.05.020","article-title":"Impact of earthquake-induced dammed lakes on channel evolution and bed mobility: Case study of the Tsaoling landslide dammed lake","volume":"374","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1130\/G20639.1","article-title":"Earthquake-triggered increase in sediment delivery from an active mountain belt","volume":"32","author":"Dadson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(03)00124-8","article-title":"Pseudostatic analysis of Tsao-Ling rockslide caused by Chi-Chi earthquake","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00232-6","article-title":"Geological causes and geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan","volume":"68","author":"Chigira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, C.Y., Chen, R.F., Wu, R.Y., and Chang, K.J. (2015). Use of Multiple Digital Terrain Models and Aerial Orthophotos for Landscape Evolution in Tsaoling Landslide Area.. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09057-3_74"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2005.04.017","article-title":"Large earthquake-triggered landslides and mountain belt erosion: The Tsaoling case, Taiwan","volume":"337","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2009.02.011","article-title":"The Tsaoling landslide triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan: Insights from a discrete element simulation","volume":"106","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.10.003","article-title":"Simulation of Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, based on Saint Venant equations over general topography","volume":"104","author":"Kuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of 1979\u20132009 Digital Orthophotos and Digital Terrain Models to Investigate Surface Changes in Tsaoling Landslide Area","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"161","article-title":"DEM-based deterministic landslide hazard analysis in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Dahal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Georisk"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00185-2","article-title":"Utilizing DEMs derived from LIDAR data to analyze morphologic change in the North Carolina coastline","volume":"85","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.03.023","article-title":"Pre-processing algorithms and landslide modelling on remotely sensed DEMs","volume":"113","author":"Santini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.10.001","article-title":"Application of high-resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment","volume":"76","author":"Nichol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.C., Mao, X.K., and Wang, Q.J. (2016). Landslide Displacement Monitoring by a Fully Polarimetric SAR Offset Tracking Method. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080624"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100072","article-title":"Investigation of slow-moving landslides from ALOS\/PALSAR images with TCPInSAR: A case study of Oso, USA","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv335","article-title":"Geodetic model of the 2015 April 25 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake and Mw 7.3 aftershock estimated from InSAR and GPS data","volume":"203","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.03.003","article-title":"Investigating landslides and unstable slopes with satellite Multi Temporal Interferometry: Current issues and future perspectives","volume":"174","author":"Wasowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.020","article-title":"Mapping ground surface deformation using temporarily coherent point SAR interferometry: Application to Los Angeles Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, C., Feng, G.C., Li, Z.W., Shan, X.J., Du, Y.N., and Wang, H.Q. (2016). Spatio-Temporal Error Sources Analysis and Accuracy Improvement in Landsat 8 Image Ground Displacement Measurements. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110937"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.013","article-title":"Investigating landslides with space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry","volume":"88","author":"Colesanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.009","article-title":"Monitoring activity at the Daguangbao mega-landslide (China) using Sentinel-1 TOPS time series interferometry","volume":"186","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z.F., Li, Z.W., Zhu, J.J., Yi, H.W., Hu, J., and Feng, G.C. (2017). Deriving Dynamic Subsidence of Coal Mining Areas Using InSAR and Logistic Model. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020125"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2618942","article-title":"On the Accuracy of Topographic Residuals Retrieved by MTInSAR","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3089","article-title":"Generation of high precision DEM from TerraSAR-X\/TanDEM-X","volume":"58","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3347","article-title":"Framework for Fusion of Ascending and Descending Pass TanDEM-X Raw DEMs","volume":"8","author":"Deo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4348","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2396195","article-title":"Normalization of TanDEM-X DSM data in urban environments with morphological filters","volume":"53","author":"Wurm","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.08.006","article-title":"Urban DEM generation, analysis and enhancements using TanDEM-X","volume":"85","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lachaise, M., Eineder, M., and Fritz, T. (2007, January 23\u201328). Multi baseline SAR acquisition concepts and phase unwrapping algorithms for the TanDEM-X mission. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2007, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4424052"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-015-0989-9","article-title":"Lava flow mapping and volume calculations for the 2012\u20132013 Tolbachik, Kamchatka, fissure eruption using bistatic TanDEM-X InSAR","volume":"77","author":"Kubanek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011988","article-title":"High-resolution TanDEM-X DEM: An accurate method to estimate lava flow volumes at Nyamulagira Volcano (DR Congo)","volume":"120","author":"Albino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eineder, M., Abdel Jaber, W., Floricioiu, D., Rott, H., and Yague-Martinez, N. (2011, January 24\u201329). Glacier flow and topography measurements with TerraSar-X and TanDEM-X. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International IGARSS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6050067"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brautigam, B., Rizzoli, P., Martone, M., Bachmann, M., Kraus, T., and Krieger, G. (2012, January 22\u201327). InSAR and DEM quality monitoring of TanDEM-X. Proceedings of the IGARSS, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352343"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.002","article-title":"Operational TanDEM-X DEM calibration and first validation results","volume":"73","author":"Gruber","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.06.004","article-title":"Relative height error analysis of TanDEM-X elevation data","volume":"73","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.014","article-title":"TanDEM-X calibrated raw DEM generation","volume":"73","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2034980","article-title":"Development of the TanDEM-X calibration concept: Analysis of systematic errors","volume":"48","author":"Bachmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2041355","article-title":"Definition of ICESat selection criteria for their use as height references for TanDEM-X","volume":"48","author":"Bachmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khati, U., and Singh, G. (2015, January 1\u20134). Bistatic PolInSAR for forest height estimation: Results from TanDEM-X. Proceedings of the APSAR, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSAR.2015.7306191"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"171","article-title":"TanDEM-X water indication mask: Generation and first evaluation results","volume":"6","author":"Wendleder","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2076376","article-title":"NL-InSAR: Nonlocal interferogram estimation","volume":"49","author":"Deledalle","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2336237","article-title":"Fast Statistically Homogeneous Pixel Selection for Covariance Matrix Estimation for Multitemporal InSAR","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673674","article-title":"A novel phase unwrapping method based on network programming","volume":"36","author":"Costantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/4\/353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1760207532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/4\/353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9040353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9040353","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]}}}