{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:52:23Z","timestamp":1780926743266,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41531068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41531068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371335"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371335"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010083","name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["150140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150140004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper discusses the potential and limitations of high-resolution P-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (PolInSAR) in underlying topography estimation over forest areas. Time-frequency (TF) analysis in the azimuth direction is utilized to separate the ground scattering contribution from the total PolInSAR signal, without the use of any physical model, because the P-band PolInSAR data have a significant penetration depth and sufficient observation angle interval. To achieve this goal, a one-dimensional polynomial fitting (PF) method is proposed for correcting the residual motion error (RME). The Krycklan catchment test site, which is covered with pine forest, was selected to test the performance of the digital elevation model (DEM) inversion. The results show that the PF method can correct the RMEs for the sub-look interferograms well. When compared to the existing line-fit method, the TF+PF method can provide a more accurate DEM (the accuracy is improved by 26.9%). Moreover, the performance of the DEM inversion is free from the random-volume-over-ground assumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T10:15:06Z","timestamp":1491992106000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Underlying Topography Estimation over Forest Areas Using High-Resolution P-Band Single-Baseline PolInSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Zhang, L., Ding, X.L., Hu, J., Li, Z.W., and Zhu, J.J. (2015). Slope deformation prior to Zhouqu, China landslide from InSAR time series analysis. Remote Sens. Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.029"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20412","article-title":"SRTM vegetation removal and hydrodynamic modeling accuracy","volume":"49","author":"Baugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., and Roth, L. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Huber, M., Gruber, A., Wendleder, A., Wessel, B., Roth, A., and Schmitt, A. (September, January 25). The global Tandem-X DEM: Production status and first validation results. Proceedings of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2509500","article-title":"Validation of the TanDEM-X intermediate digital elevation model with airborne LiDAR and differential GNSS in Kruger National Park","volume":"13","author":"Balzter","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718859","article-title":"Polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"36","author":"Cloude","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1109\/36.964971","article-title":"Single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Papathanassiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20030449","article-title":"Three-stage inversion process for polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"150","author":"Cloude","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2024304","article-title":"Applying the Freeman\u2013Durden decomposition concept to polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2205157","article-title":"Cancellation of scattering mechanisms in PolInSAR: Application to underlying topography estimation","volume":"51","author":"Papathanassiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-5070-1","article-title":"Inversion of forest height from PolInSAR using complex least squares adjustment method","volume":"58","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H., Wang, C., Zhu, J., Xie, Q., and Zhang, B. (2016). Estimation of pine forest height and underlying DEM using multi-baseline P-band PolInSAR data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100820"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1029\/96RS01763","article-title":"Vegetation characteristics and underlying topography from interferometric data","volume":"31","author":"Treuhaft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1029\/1999RS900108","article-title":"Vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces from interferometric and polarimetric data","volume":"35","author":"Treuhaft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2009437","article-title":"Tropical-forest-parameter estimation by means of Pol-InSAR: The INDREX-II campaign","volume":"47","author":"Hajnsek","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6404","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2296533","article-title":"TanDEM-X Pol-InSAR performance for forest height estimation","volume":"52","author":"Kugler","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2253448","article-title":"Quantification of temporal decorrelation effects at L-band for polarimetric SAR interferometry applications","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2032538","article-title":"Forest modeling for height inversion using single baseline InSAR\/Pol-InSAR data","volume":"48","author":"Garestier","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789657","article-title":"The structure of oriented vegetation from polarimetric interferometry","volume":"37","author":"Treuhaft","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloude, S.R. (2009). Polarisation: Applications in Remote Sensing, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199569731.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900690","article-title":"Model limitations and parameter-estimation methods for agricultural applications of polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"45","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2165272","article-title":"First demonstration of agriculture height retrieval with PolInSAR airborne data","volume":"9","author":"Hajnsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"56","article-title":"Pine forest height inversion using single-pass X-band PolInSAR data","volume":"46","author":"Garestier","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.922032","article-title":"Forest height inversion using high resolution P-band Pol-InSAR data","volume":"46","author":"Garestier","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.817188","article-title":"Scene characterization using subaperture polarimetric SAR data","volume":"41","author":"Reigber","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.860482","article-title":"Refined estimation of time-varying baseline errors in airborne SAR interferometry","volume":"3","author":"Reigber","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.924004","article-title":"An autofocus approach for residual motion errors with application to airborne repeat-pass SAR interferometry","volume":"46","author":"Scheiber","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute, Swedish Defense Research Agency, and Politecnico di Milano POLIMI (2017, February 17). BIOSAR 2008: Data Acquisition and Processing Report. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/c\/document_library\/get_file?folderId=21020&name=DLFE-903.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Flynn, T., Tabb, M., and Carande, R. (2002, January 24\u201328). Coherence region shape extraction for vegetation parameter estimation in polarimetric SAR interferometry. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, V., Pardini, M., Papathanassiou, K., and Iodice, A. (2012, January 22\u201327). Phase calibration of multibaseline SAR data stacks: A minimum entropy approach. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352438"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.915758","article-title":"Estimation of the temporal evolution of the deformation using airborne differential SAR interferometry","volume":"46","author":"Prats","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2187275","article-title":"Long-term airborne DInSAR measurements at X and P-bands: A case study on the application of surveying geohazard threats to pipelines","volume":"5","author":"Wimmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Small, D. (1998). Generation of Digital Elevation Models through Spaceborne SAR Interferometry. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Zurich]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2250903","article-title":"A refined strategy for removing composite errors of SAR interferogram","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2208935","article-title":"A wavelet-based multitemporal DInSAR algorithm for monitoring ground surface motion","volume":"3","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"749","article-title":"A hybrid indicator for determining the best decomposition scale of wavelet denoising","volume":"41","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.03.001","article-title":"Improved filtering parameter determination for the Goldstein radar interferogram filter","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.18.000338","article-title":"Two-dimensional phase unwrapping with use of statistical models for cost function in nonlinear optimization","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2269614","article-title":"Assessment and estimation of the RVoG model in polarimetric SAR interferometry","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2379438","article-title":"A simple RVoG test for PolInSAR data","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardini, M., and Papathanassiou, K. (2012, January 22\u201327). Sub-canopy topography estimation: Experiments with multibaseline SAR data at L-band. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352500"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.020","article-title":"The BIOMASS mission: Mapping global forest biomass to better understand the terrestrial carbon cycle","volume":"115","author":"Quegan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2331142","article-title":"Capabilities of BIOMASS tomography for investigating tropical forests","volume":"53","author":"Tebaldini","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2350513","article-title":"Temporal coherence of tropical forests at P-band: Dry and rainy seasons","volume":"12","author":"Hamadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, P., Lavalle, M., Pi, X., and Gurrola, E. (2011, January 24\u201329). Techniques and tools for estimating ionospheric effects in interferometric and polarimetric SAR data. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049352"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2402833","article-title":"Performance analysis of phase gradient autofocus for compensating ionospheric phase scintillation in BIOMASS P-band SAR data","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/4\/363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:32Z","timestamp":1760207552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/4\/363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9040363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9040363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]]}}}