{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:13:38Z","timestamp":1780676018940,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]],"date-time":"2017-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission over land surfaces is the production of global maps of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (\u03c4) based on multi-angular brightness temperature (TB) measurements at L-band. The operational SMOS Level 2 and Level 3 soil moisture algorithms account for different surface effects, such as vegetation opacity and soil roughness at 4 km resolution, in order to produce global retrievals of SM and \u03c4. In this study, we present an alternative SMOS product that was developed by INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) and CESBIO (Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re). One of the main goals of this SMOS-INRA-CESBIO (SMOS-IC) product is to be as independent as possible from auxiliary data. The SMOS-IC product provides daily SM and \u03c4 at the global scale and differs from the operational SMOS Level 3 (SMOSL3) product in the treatment of retrievals over heterogeneous pixels. Specifically, SMOS-IC is much simpler and does not account for corrections associated with the antenna pattern and the complex SMOS viewing angle geometry. It considers pixels as homogeneous to avoid uncertainties and errors linked to inconsistent auxiliary datasets which are used to characterize the pixel heterogeneity in the SMOS L3 algorithm. SMOS-IC also differs from the current SMOSL3 product (Version 300, V300) in the values of the effective vegetation scattering albedo (\u03c9) and soil roughness parameters. An inter-comparison is presented in this study based on the use of ECMWF (European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting) SM outputs and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). A six-year (2010\u20132015) inter-comparison of the SMOS products SMOS-IC and SMOSL3 SM (V300) with ECMWF SM yielded higher correlations and lower ubRMSD (unbiased root mean square difference) for SMOS-IC over most of the pixels. In terms of \u03c4, SMOS-IC \u03c4 was found to be better correlated to MODIS NDVI in most regions of the globe, with the exception of the Amazonian basin and the northern mid-latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]],"date-time":"2017-05-09T11:50:48Z","timestamp":1494330648000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["SMOS-IC: An Alternative SMOS Soil Moisture and Vegetation Optical Depth Product"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fernandez-Moran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, Centre INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, URM1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"},{"name":"Climatology from Satellites Group, Faculty of Physics, Department of Earth Physics &amp; Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amen","family":"Al-Yaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, Centre INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, URM1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Mialon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, UMR 5126, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, UMR 5126, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, UMR 5126, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"De Lannoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, B-3001, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemesio","family":"Rodriguez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, UMR 5126, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Lopez-Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climatology from Satellites Group, Faculty of Physics, Department of Earth Physics &amp; Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, CNES\/CNRS\/IRD\/UPS, UMR 5126, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Wigneron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, Centre INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, URM1391 ISPA, F-33140 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2184548","article-title":"The SMOS Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. 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