{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:51:26Z","timestamp":1761490286196,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,14]],"date-time":"2017-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0803004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0803004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41301501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41301501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS","award":["2015129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimates of regional net primary productivity (NPP) are useful in modeling regional and global carbon cycles, especially in karst areas. This work developed a new method to study NPP characteristics and changes in Chongqing, a typical karst area. To estimate NPP accurately, the model which integrated an ecosystem process model (CEVSA) with a light use efficiency model (GLOPEM) called GLOPEM-CEVSA was applied. The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) was derived from remote sensing data inversion based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer atmospheric and land products. Validation analyses showed that the PAR and NPP values, which were simulated by the model, matched the observed data well. The values of other relevant NPP models, as well as the MOD17A3 NPP products (NPP MOD17), were compared. In terms of spatial distribution, NPP decreased from northeast to southwest in the Chongqing region. The annual average NPP in the study area was approximately 534 gC\/m2a (Std. = 175.53) from 2001 to 2011, with obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The NPP from April to October accounted for 80.1% of the annual NPP, while that from June to August accounted for 43.2%. NPP changed with the fraction of absorbed PAR, and NPP was also significantly correlated to precipitation and temperature at monthly temporal scales, and showed stronger sensitivity to interannual variation in temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]],"date-time":"2017-05-15T12:16:12Z","timestamp":1494850572000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Estimation and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Net Primary Productivity Integrating Efficiency Model with Process Model in Karst Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}]},{"given":"Futao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Shixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-6339-8","article-title":"Variations in vegetation net primary production in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, from 1982 to 1999","volume":"74","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00503.x","article-title":"Satellite estimates of productivity and light use efficiency in United States agriculture 1982\u20131998","volume":"8","author":"Lobell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00066-V","article-title":"Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing","volume":"51","author":"Field","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"93","article-title":"Seasonal patterns and environmental control of ecosystem respiration in subtropical and temperature forests in China","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ12042","article-title":"Grassland dynamics in response to climate change and human activities in Inner Mongolia, China between 1985 and 2009","volume":"35","author":"Mu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0573:IRSAEP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing and ecosystem process models for landscape-to regional-scale analysis of the carbon cycle","volume":"54","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v57i3.16536","article-title":"Regional pattern and interannual variations in global terrestrial carbon uptake in response to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2","volume":"57","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002254","article-title":"Two decades of terrestrial carbon fluxes from a carbon cycle data assimilation system","volume":"19","author":"Rayner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.019","article-title":"Estimation of gross primary production in China (1982\u20132010) with multiple ecosystem models","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1029\/95GB02432","article-title":"A global land primary productivity and phytogeography model","volume":"9","author":"Woodward","year":"1995","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"732","article-title":"Estimation of gross primary productivity in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems by using VPM model","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"129","article-title":"Estimating net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation in China using remote sensing","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1029\/93GB02725","article-title":"Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data","volume":"7","author":"Potter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.10.004","article-title":"Estimation of net primary productivity by integrating remote sensing data with an ecosystem model","volume":"94","author":"Hazarikaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2307\/2845983","article-title":"Global primary production: A remote sensing approach","volume":"22","author":"Prince","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production","volume":"54","author":"Running","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"254","article-title":"Spatial-temporal patterns of net primary productivity for 1988\u20132004 based on GLOPEM-CEVSA model in the \u201cThree-river Headwaters \u201dregion of Qinghai province, China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-006-0334-5","article-title":"Vegetation NPP distribution based on MODIS data and CASA model\u2014A case study of northern Hebei Province","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hutchinson, M.F., and Xu, T. (2004). Anusplin Version 4.4, Anuclim Version 6.1, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.11.026","article-title":"Estimation and analysis of net primary productivity by integrating MODIS remote sensing data with a light use efficiency model","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108929728","article-title":"A model of regional primary production to use with coarse resolution satellite data","volume":"12","author":"Prince","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-003-0189-x","article-title":"Remotely sensed interannual variations and trends in terrestrial net primary productivity 1981-2000","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20077","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900274","article-title":"Inter annual variability of global terrestrial primary production: Results of a model driven with global satellite observations","volume":"105","author":"Goetz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-006-8241-2","article-title":"A comparison between simulated and measured CO2 and water flux in a subtropical coniferous forest","volume":"49","author":"Gu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"98","article-title":"Simplified atmospheric radiative transfer modelling for estimating incident PAR using MODIS atmosphere products","volume":"1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"413","article-title":"Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"621","article-title":"Vegetation net primary productivity in Northeast China in 2000\u20132008: Simulation and seasonal change","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(91)90002-8","article-title":"Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer","volume":"54","author":"Collatz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Los, S.O. (1998). Linkages Between Global Vegetation and Climate: An Analysis Based on NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Data. [Ph.D. Dissertation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sala, O., Jackson, R., and Mooney, H. (2000). Global Terrestrial Gross and Net Primary Productivity from the Earth Observing System. Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1224-9"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"157","article-title":"A vegetation-climate classification system for global change studies in china","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"193","article-title":"A natural vegetation NPP model","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"166","article-title":"Cattle stocking rates estimated in temperate intensive grasslands with a spring growth model derived from MODIS NDVI time-series","volume":"52","author":"Greena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x","article-title":"Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands","volume":"11","author":"Gill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB3009","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003942","article-title":"Relationships between net primary productivity and forest stand age in U.S. forests","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-1258-1","article-title":"Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"170","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"225","article-title":"Community structure and biomass dynamic of the kobresiapygmaea steppe meadow","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"627","article-title":"The carbon storage and carbon cycle among the atmosphere, soil, vegetation and a nimal in the Kobresiahumilis alpine meadow ecosystem","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065368","article-title":"Remote Sensing Estimates of Grassland Aboveground Biomass Based on MODIS Net Primary Productivity (NPP): A Case Study in the Xilingol Grassland of Northern China","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"187","article-title":"EVI simulation of vegetation in Karst rocky area using climatic factors","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/5\/477\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:35:48Z","timestamp":1760207748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/5\/477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9050477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9050477","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,14]]}}}