{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:29:29Z","timestamp":1775100569086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["41661080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41661080"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","award":["2017TYS045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TYS045"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Normal University","award":["01000205020503065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01000205020503065"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Trainking Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["201610681002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201610681002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing image registration plays an important role in military and civilian fields, such as natural disaster damage assessment, military damage assessment and ground targets identification, etc. However, due to the ground relief variations and imaging viewpoint changes, non-rigid geometric distortion occurs between remote sensing images with different viewpoint, which further increases the difficulty of remote sensing image registration. To address the problem, we propose a multi-viewpoint remote sensing image registration method which contains the following contributions. (i) A multiple features based finite mixture model is constructed for dealing with different types of image features. (ii) Three features are combined and substituted into the mixture model to form a feature complementation, i.e., the Euclidean distance and shape context are used to measure the similarity of geometric structure, and the SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) distance which is endowed with the intensity information is used to measure the scale space extrema. (iii) To prevent the ill-posed problem, a geometric constraint term is introduced into the L2E-based energy function for better behaving the non-rigid transformation. We evaluated the performances of the proposed method by three series of remote sensing images obtained from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and Google Earth, and compared with five state-of-the-art methods where our method shows the best alignments in most cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1497263279000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Remote Sensing Image Registration Using Multiple Image Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"},{"name":"The Engineering Research Center of GIS Technology in Western China of Ministry of Education of China, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anning","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"},{"name":"The Engineering Research Center of GIS Technology in Western China of Ministry of Education of China, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"},{"name":"The Engineering Research Center of GIS Technology in Western China of Ministry of Education of China, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sim","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00137-9","article-title":"Image registration methods: A survey","volume":"21","author":"Zitov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1145\/146370.146374","article-title":"A survey of image registration techniques","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)80026-8","article-title":"A survey of medical image registration","volume":"2","author":"Maintz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607044","article-title":"An asift-based local registration method for satellite imagery","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Tong, X., Chen, J., Liu, X., Sun, W., Xie, H., Chen, P., Jin, Y., and Ye, Z. (2016). A Linear Feature-Based Approach for the Registration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remotely-Sensed Images and Airborne LiDAR Data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020082"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2144607","article-title":"Uniform Robust Scale-Invariant Feature Matching for Optical Remote Sensing Images","volume":"49","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Jensen, J. (2004). Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mikolajczyk, K., and Chmid, C. (2003, January 18\u201320). A performance evaluation of local descriptors. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Madison, WI, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.277","article-title":"Rotationally Invariant Descriptors Using Intensity Order Pooling","volume":"34","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Harris, C. (September, January 31). A combined corner and edge detector. Proceedings of the 4th Alvey Vision Conference, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, D. (1999, January 20\u201327). Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. Proceedings of the IEEE Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kerkyra, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.790410"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints","volume":"21","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2007.09.014","article-title":"Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF)","volume":"110","author":"Bay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.2011751","article-title":"Robust Scale-Invariant Feature Matching for Remote Sensing Image Registration","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ke, Y., and Sukthankar, R. (July, January 27). PCA-SIFT: A more distinctive representation for local image descriptors. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2323552","article-title":"SAR-SIFT: A SIFT-Like Algorithm for SAR Images","volume":"53","author":"Dellinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2420659","article-title":"Remote Sensing Image Matching Based on Adaptive Binning SIFT Descriptor","volume":"53","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2507982","article-title":"Feature-Area Optimization: A Novel SAR Image Registration Method","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2109389","article-title":"Automatic Image Registration Through Image Segmentation and SIFT","volume":"49","author":"Goncalves","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2281391","article-title":"A Novel Coarse-to-Fine Scheme for Automatic Image Registration Based on SIFT and Mutual Information","volume":"52","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2160645","article-title":"A simple and robust feature point matching algorithm based on restricted spatial or derconstraints for aerial image registration","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.05.017","article-title":"Regularized vector field learning with sparse approximation for mismatch removal","volume":"46","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2307478","article-title":"Robust point matching via vector field consensus","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1145\/358669.358692","article-title":"Random Sample Consensus: A Paradigm for Model Fitting with Applications to Image Analysis and Automated Cartography","volume":"24","author":"Fischler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.46","article-title":"Point set registration: coherent point drift","volume":"32","author":"Myronenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., and Yan, S. (2010, January 13\u201318). Common visual pattern discovery via spatially coherent correspondences. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognit, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539780"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, M., Zhou, M., and Zeng, X. (2014, January 13\u201318). Simultaneous remote sensing image classification and annotation based on the spatial coherent topic model. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2014\u20142014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2388434","article-title":"Robust L2E Estimation of Transformation for Non-Rigid Registration","volume":"63","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2441954","article-title":"Robust Feature Matching for Remote Sensing Image Registration via Locally Linear Transforming","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.06.017","article-title":"A robust global and local mixture distance based non-rigid point set registration","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993558","article-title":"Shape Matching and Object Recognition Using Shape Contexts","volume":"24","author":"Belongie","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kortgen, M., Park, G., Novotni, M., and Klein, R. (2003, January 22\u201324). 3D shape matching with shape context. Proceedings of the 7th Central European Seminar on Computer Graphics, Budmerice, Slovakia."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tikhonov, A.N., and Arsenin, V.Y. (1977). Solutions of Ill-Posed Problems, Winston & Sons Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1198\/004017001316975880","article-title":"Parametric statistical modeling by minimum integrated sqaure error","volume":"43","author":"Scott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00126430","article-title":"A Mathematical Analysis of the Motion Coherence Theory","volume":"3","author":"Yuille","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.223","article-title":"Robust Point Set Registration Using Gaussian Mixture Models","volume":"33","author":"Jian","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/581\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:38:34Z","timestamp":1760207914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9060581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9060581","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0027.v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0027.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]}}}