{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T01:00:16Z","timestamp":1775955616593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan","award":["MOST 105-2625-M-005-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2625-M-005-006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan","award":["103RB06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103RB06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice lodging identification relies on manual in situ assessment and often leads to a compensation dispute in agricultural disaster assessment. Therefore, this study proposes a comprehensive and efficient classification technique for agricultural lands that entails using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. In addition to spectral information, digital surface model (DSM) and texture information of the images was obtained through image-based modeling and texture analysis. Moreover, single feature probability (SFP) values were computed to evaluate the contribution of spectral and spatial hybrid image information to classification accuracy. The SFP results revealed that texture information was beneficial for the classification of rice and water, DSM information was valuable for lodging and tree classification, and the combination of texture and DSM information was helpful in distinguishing between artificial surface and bare land. Furthermore, a decision tree classification model incorporating SFP values yielded optimal results, with an accuracy of 96.17% and a Kappa value of 0.941, compared with that of a maximum likelihood classification model (90.76%). The rice lodging ratio in paddies at the study site was successfully identified, with three paddies being eligible for disaster relief. The study demonstrated that the proposed spatial and spectral hybrid image classification technology is a promising tool for rice lodging assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1497263279000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Spatial and Spectral Hybrid Image Classification for Rice Lodging Assessment through UAV Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ming-Der","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Kai-Siang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Liang-Mao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture Department, Chiayi County Government, NO.1, Sianghe 1st Rd, Taibao City 61249, Chiayi County, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Juliano, B.O. (1993). Rice in Human Nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.05.013","article-title":"Ecosystem-based adaptation for smallholder farmers: Definitions, opportunities and constraints","volume":"211","author":"Vignola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.05.015","article-title":"Lodging in rice can be alleviated by atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Agric","volume":"118","author":"Shimono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-007-0642-8","article-title":"New target for rice lodging resistance and its effect in a typhoon","volume":"227","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(96)01058-1","article-title":"Lodging reduces yield of rice by self-shading and reductions in canopy photosynthesis","volume":"49","author":"Setter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/jbt037","article-title":"On the political economy of allocation of agricultural disaster relief payments: Application to Taiwan","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsh.2016.10.5.15","article-title":"UAV remote sensing image mosaic and its application in agriculture","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5589\/m04-025","article-title":"Application of remotely sensed data to the assessment of terrain factors affecting the Tsao-Ling landslide","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2011.07.006","article-title":"Landslide-induced levee failure by high concentrated sediment flow\u2014A case of Shan-An levee at Chenyulan River, Taiwan","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160601094500","article-title":"Mapping of the 26 December 2004 tsunami disaster by using FORMOSAT-2 images","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2011.07.003","article-title":"Risk assessment of debris flows in Songhe Stream, Taiwan","volume":"123","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020949","article-title":"Advances in remote sensing of agriculture: Context description, existing operational monitoring systems and major information needs","volume":"5","author":"Atzberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.01.034","article-title":"The energy-water agriculture nexus: The past, present and future of holistic resource management via remote sensing technologies","volume":"117","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"207","article-title":"Area extraction of maize lodging based on remote sensing by small unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.03.009","article-title":"Mapping urban impervious surface with dual-polarimetric SAR data: An improved method","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-012-9274-5","article-title":"The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: A review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2009355","article-title":"Texture and scale in object-based analysis of subdecimeter resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","volume":"47","author":"Laliberte","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5006","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5105006","article-title":"Processing and Assessment of Spectrometric, Stereoscopic Imagery Collected using a Lightweight UAV Spectral Camera for Precision Agriculture","volume":"5","author":"Honkavaara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.06.003","article-title":"Methodology of Improvement of Radiometric Quality of Images Acquired from Low Altitudes","volume":"92","author":"Kedzierski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedzierski, M., Wilinska, M., Wierzbicki, D., Fryskowska, A., and Delis, P. (2014, January 22\u201323). Image Data Fusion for Flood Plain Mapping. Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Engineering, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.3846\/enviro.2014.216"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.005","article-title":"High spatial resolution three-dimensional mapping of vegetation spectral dynamics using computer vision","volume":"136","author":"Dandois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051392","article-title":"An automated technique for generating georectified mosaics from ultra-high resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, based on structure from motion (SfM) point clouds","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2014.2351831","article-title":"Nonrigid structure from motion via sparse representation","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.015","article-title":"A fast and mobile system for registration of low-altitude visual and thermal aerial images using multiple small-scale UAVs","volume":"104","author":"Yahyanejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053557","article-title":"Assessment of unmanned aerial vehicles imagery for quantitative monitoring of wheat crop in small plots","volume":"8","author":"Lelong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-012-0382-9","article-title":"Assessment of vineyard water status variability by thermal and multispectral imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"30","author":"Baluja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2250921","article-title":"Characterization of rice paddies by a UAV-mounted miniature hyperspectral sensor system","volume":"6","author":"Uto","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"157","article-title":"Wheat lodging monitoring using polarimetric index from RADARSAT-2 data","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10395","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110395","article-title":"Estimating biomass of barley using crop surface models (CSMs) derived from UAV-based RGB imaging","volume":"6","author":"Bendig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041157","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation structure using computer vision","volume":"2","author":"Dandois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2015.03.032","article-title":"The potential of UAV-based remote sensing for supporting precision agriculture in Indonesia","volume":"24","author":"Rokhmana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2015.09.024","article-title":"Design of a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network with UAV mobile node for agricultural applications","volume":"119","author":"Polo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.029","article-title":"UAVs as remote sensing platform in glaciology: Present applications and future prospects","volume":"175","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.10.043","article-title":"Selecting patterns and features for between-and within-crop-row weed mapping using UAV-imagery","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033542","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3216822","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management","volume":"3","author":"Rango","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2014.31004","article-title":"Seasonal vegetation changes in the Malinda Wetland using bi-temporal, multi-sensor, very high resolution remote sensing data sets","volume":"3","author":"Kuria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2743","article-title":"Hyperspatial remote sensing of channel reach morphology and hydraulic fish habitat using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): A first assessment in the context of river research and management","volume":"31","author":"Tamminga","year":"2015","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00165-6","article-title":"A comparison of parametric classification procedures of remotely sensed data applied on different landscape units","volume":"75","author":"Cotonnec","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1051\/agro:2007049","article-title":"Discriminating cropping systems and agro-environmental measures by remote sensing","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065019","article-title":"Object-based image classification of summer crops with machine learning methods","volume":"6","author":"Six","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"393","article-title":"Authentication of domestic Taiwan rice varieties based on fingerprinting analysis of microsatellite DNA markers","volume":"52","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Botanical Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.09.017","article-title":"Image-based 3D scene reconstruction and exploration in augmented reality","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, D.G. (1999, January 20\u201327). Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Kerkyra, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.790410"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/757582976","article-title":"Scale-space theory: A basic tool for analyzing structures at different scales","volume":"21","author":"Lindeberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikolajczyk, K., and Schmid, C. (2002, January 28\u201331). An affine invariant interest point detector. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47969-4_9"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin, T.N., and Midgley, N.G. (2016). Ground-control networks for image based surface reconstruction: An investigation of optimum survey designs using UAV derived imagery and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090786"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, W., Buehler, C., Raskar, R., Gortler, S.J., and McMillan, L. (2000, January 23\u201328). Image-based visual hulls. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344951"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jancosek, M., and Pajdla, T. (2011, January 20\u201325). Multi-view reconstruction preserving weakly-supported surfaces. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995693"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116042000192367","article-title":"A multiscale texture analysis procedure for improved forest stand classification","volume":"25","author":"Coburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70101074","article-title":"UAV remote sensing for urban vegetation mapping using random forest and texture analysis","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.04.116","article-title":"Morphological segmentation based on edge detection for sewer pipe defects on CCTV images","volume":"38","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Materka, A., and Strzelecki, M. (1998). Texture Analysis Methods\u2013A Review, Technical university of lodz, institute of electronics. COST B11 report."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural features for image classification","volume":"SMC-3","author":"Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.08.013","article-title":"Automated diagnosis of sewer pipe defects based on machine learning approaches","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2009.2021959","article-title":"The impact of phenological variation on texture measures of remotely sensed imagery","volume":"2","author":"Culbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219691311004055","article-title":"Feature extraction of sewer pipe defects using wavelet transform and co-occurrence matrix","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Wavelets Multi."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Song, M., Li, N., Bu, J., and Chen, C. (2010, January 5\u201311). What is the chance of happening: A new way to predict where people look. Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15555-0_46"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Chepkochei, L.C. (2011, January 21\u201322). Object-oriented image classification of individual trees using Erdas Imagine objective: Case study of Wanjohi area, Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya. Proceedings of the Kenya Geothermal Conference, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5937\/GeoPan1504162J","article-title":"Land Cover change detection by using Remote Sensing\u2014A Case Study of Zlatibor (Serbia)","volume":"19","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geogr. Pannonica"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya, S., Garg, P., and Jat, M.K. (2013, January 22-23). Object oriented approach for building extraction from high resolution satellite images. Proceedings of the Advance Computing Conference (IACC), Ghaziabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAdCC.2013.6514416"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5589\/m07-020","article-title":"A genetic algorithm (GA) based automated classifier for remote sensing imagery","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R.W., and Chipman, J. (2014). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Swain, P.H. (1978). Fundamentals of pattern recognition in remote sensing. Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach, McGraw-Hill International Book Co."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, J.A., and Richards, J. (1999). Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis, Springer-Verlaag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03978-6"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10106048709354084","article-title":"Introductory digital image processing: A remote sensing perspective","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Grocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C.J., and Olshen, R.A. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.08.027","article-title":"Decision tree approach for classification and dimensionality reduction of electronic nose data","volume":"160","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.016","article-title":"A decision-tree classification for low-lying complex land cover types within the zone of discontinuous permafrost","volume":"143","author":"Chasmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/583\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:38:39Z","timestamp":1760207919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9060583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9060583","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]]}}}