{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:12:59Z","timestamp":1760242379576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["CGL2012-34383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2012-34383"]}]},{"name":"EUFAR","award":["DEHESHyrE TA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEHESHyrE TA"]}]},{"name":"MPI-BGC and the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation","award":["Markus Reichstein Prize"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Markus Reichstein Prize"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGL2008-02301\/CLI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2008-02301\/CLI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYA2011-29334-C02-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYA2011-29334-C02-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy","award":["50EE1621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50EE1621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatio-temporal mismatches between Remote Sensing (RS) and Eddy Covariance (EC) data as well as spatial heterogeneity jeopardize terrestrial Gross Primary Production (GPP) modeling. This article combines: (a) high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery; (b) EC footprint climatology estimates; and (c) semi-empirical models of increasing complexity to analyze the impact of these factors on GPP estimation. Analyses are carried out in a Mediterranean Tree-Grass Ecosystem (TGE) that combines vegetation with very different physiologies and structure. Half-hourly GPP (GPPhh) were predicted with relative errors ~36%. Results suggest that, at EC footprint scale, the ecosystem signals are quite homogeneous, despite tree and grass mixture. Models fit using EC and RS data with high degree of spatial and temporal match did not significantly improved models performance; in fact, errors were explained by meteorological variables instead. In addition, the performance of the different models was quite similar. This suggests that none of the models accurately represented light use efficiency or the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. This is partly due to model formulation; however, results also suggest that the mixture of the different vegetation types might contribute to hamper such modeling, and should be accounted for GPP models in TGE and other heterogeneous ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1497437393000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Relationships between Optical Information and Carbon Fluxes in a Mediterranean Tree-Grass Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Pacheco-Labrador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Kn\u00f6ll Stra\u00dfe 10, Jena D-07745, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0726-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"El-Madany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Kn\u00f6ll Stra\u00dfe 10, Jena D-07745, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing and Spectroscopy Laboratory (SpecLab), Institute of Economic, Geography and Demography (IEGD-CCHS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C\/Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Migliavacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Kn\u00f6ll Stra\u00dfe 10, Jena D-07745, Germany"}]},{"given":"Micol","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterr\u00e1neo (CEAM), Charles Darwin 14, Parc Tecnol\u00f2gic, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pablo J.","family":"Zarco-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D\u2014Sustainable Resources, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Climate Change 2014: SYNTHESIS Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/2401901","article-title":"Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Monteith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"277","article-title":"Climate and the efficiency of crop production in britain [and discussion]","volume":"281","author":"Monteith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. 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