{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:20:27Z","timestamp":1774444827585,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]],"date-time":"2017-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened on Earth, facing environmental and anthropogenic pressures often surpassing their terrestrial counterparts. Land use and land cover change (LUCC) such as degradation and fragmentation of the terrestrial landscape negatively impacts aquatic ecosystems. Satellite imagery allows for an impartial assessment of the past to determine habitat alterations. It can also be used as a forecasting tool in the development of species conservation strategies through models based on ecological factors extracted from imagery. In this study, we analyze Landsat time sequences (1984\u20132015) to quantify LUCC around three freshwater ecosystems with endemic cichlids in Tanzania. In addition, we examine population growth, agricultural expansion, and climate change as stressors that impact the habitats. We found that the natural vegetation cover surrounding Lake Chala decreased from 15.5% (1984) to 3.5% (2015). At Chemka Springs, we observed a decrease from 7.4% to 3.5% over the same period. While Lake Natron had minimal LUCC, severe climate change impacts have been forecasted for the region. Subsurface water data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations further show a decrease in water resources for the study areas, which could be exacerbated by increased need from a growing population and an increase in agricultural land use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T10:29:26Z","timestamp":1497868166000},"page":"623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Land Cover, Land Use, and Climate Change Impacts on Endemic Cichlid Habitats in Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Kalacska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Arroyo-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Lucanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Below Water Pictures, Vaudreuil-Dorion, QC J7V 0K4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kishe-Machumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.04.002","article-title":"Integrative freshwater ecology and biodiversity conservation","volume":"11","author":"Geist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.12.003","article-title":"Stressor prioritisation in riverine ecosystems: Which environmental factors shape benthic invertebrate assemblage metrics?","volume":"27","author":"Sundermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(03)70535-8","article-title":"A comparative introduction to the biology and limnology of the African Great Lakes","volume":"29","author":"Bootsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gt. Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.078","article-title":"Eco-hydrologic model cascades: Simulating land use and climate change impacts on hydrology, hydraulics and habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates","volume":"533","author":"Guse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12236","article-title":"Understanding and predicting the combined effects of climate change and land-use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00337.x","article-title":"Small fish, big fish, red fish, blue fish: Size-biased extinction risk of the world\u2019s freshwater and marine fishes","volume":"16","author":"Olden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, P.J.B., and Reynolds, J.D. (2002). Exploitation and other threats to fish conservation. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693919"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, S.A. (2009). Causes and consequences of species extinctions. Princeton Guide to Ecology, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400833023"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446-33.8.372","article-title":"Conservation Status of Imperiled North American Freshwater and Diadromous Fishes","volume":"33","author":"Jelks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14843","article-title":"Stream biodiversity: The ghost of land use past","volume":"95","author":"Harding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Downing, A.S., van Nes, E.H., Balirwa, J.S., Beuving, J., Bwathondi, P.O.J., Chapman, L.J., Cornelissen, I.J.M., Cowx, I.G., Goudswaard, K.P.C., and Hecky, R.E. (2014). Coupled human and natural system dynamics as key to the sustainability of Lake Victoria\u2019s ecosystem services. Ecol. Soc., 19.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06965-190431"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x","article-title":"The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years","volume":"20","author":"Goldewijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, P.D., Lister, D.H., Osborn, T.J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., and Morice, C.P. (2012). Hemispheric and large-scale land-surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017139"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(03)00099-5","article-title":"Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth","volume":"115","author":"McKee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.03.007","article-title":"Seasonal and long-term vegetation dynamics from 1-km GIMMS-based NDVI time series at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania","volume":"178","author":"Detsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.07.030","article-title":"Integrated assessment of land use and cover changes in the Malagarasi river catchment in Tanzania","volume":"35","author":"Kashaigili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.08.007","article-title":"Dynamics of Usangu plains wetlands: Use of remote sensing and GIS as management decision tools","volume":"31","author":"Kashaigili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Thieme, M., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehnher, B., Teugels, G.G., Dinerstein, E., Kamden-Toham, A., Burgess, N., and Olson, D. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Arica and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorn, A., Musilova, Z., Platzer, M., Reichwald, K., and Cellerino, A. (2014). The strange case of East African annual fishes: Aridification correlates with diversification for a savannah aquatic group?. BMC Evolut. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-014-0210-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3063.1.1","article-title":"Three new species of African suckermouth catfishes, genus Chiloglanis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae), from the lower Malagarasi and Luiche rivers of western Tanzania","volume":"3063","author":"Friel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"135","article-title":"Haplochromis vanheusdeni, a new haplochromine cichlid species from the Great Ruaha River drainage, Rufiji basin, Tanzania (Teleostei, Perciformes, Cichlidae)","volume":"37","author":"Schedel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spixiana"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Thieme, M., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehnher, B., Teugels, G.G., Dinerstein, E., Kamden Tohan, A., Burgess, N., and Olson, D. (2005). Cichlid species flocks in small Cameroonian Lakes. Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793105006950","article-title":"Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges","volume":"81","author":"Dudgeon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Parry, M., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., van der Linden, P., and Hanson, C. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cov050","article-title":"At the edge of the thermal window: Effects of elevated temperature on the resting metabolism, hypoxia tolerance and upper critical thermal limit of a widespread African cichlid","volume":"3","author":"McDonnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1071\/MF12092","article-title":"Permeability of riparian forest strips in agricultural, small subtropical watersheds in south-eastern Brazil","volume":"63","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03848.x","article-title":"Effects of adjacent agricultural activities and watershed characteristics on stream macroinvertebrate communities","volume":"42","author":"Kyriakeas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2007.01925.x","article-title":"Land use and the ecology of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of high-altitude rainforest streams in Uganda","volume":"53","author":"Kasangaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iniguez-Armijos, C., Leiva, A., Frede, H.G., Hampel, H., and Breuer, L. (2014). Deforestation and Benthic Indicators: How Much Vegetation Cover Is Needed to Sustain Healthy Andean Streams?. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105869"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0050.1","article-title":"Riparian forest buffers mitigate the effects of deforestation on fish assemblages in tropical headwater streams","volume":"19","author":"Lorion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0633.2011.00518.x","article-title":"Riparian coverage affects diets of characids in neotropical streams","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Freshw. Fish"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2008.02092.x","article-title":"Relationships between deforestation, riparian forest buffers and benthic macroinvertebrates in neotropical headwater streams","volume":"54","author":"Lorion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.12.001","article-title":"Nonlinear responses in damselfly community along a gradient of habitat loss in a savanna landscape","volume":"194","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447513","article-title":"Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple spatial scales","volume":"11","author":"Roth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Thieme, M., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehnher, B., Teugels, G.G., Dinerstein, E., Kamden Tohan, A., Burgess, N., and Olson, D. (2005). Southern Eastern Rift. Freshwater Ecoregions of Arica and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1890\/070062","article-title":"Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10933-010-9442-4","article-title":"The sensitivity of East African rift lakes to climate fluctuations","volume":"44","author":"Olaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Paleolimnol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jameson, R., Wilson, J., and Murray, H. (1842). Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in Africa, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time: With Illustrations of the Geology, Minerology and Zoology, Harper Brothers."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13247","article-title":"High levels of interspecific gene flow in an endemic cichlid fish adaptive radiation from an extreme lake environment","volume":"24","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2013.02.002","article-title":"Remote sensing the hydrological variability of Tanzania\u2019s Lake Natron, a vital Lesser Flamingo breeding site under threat","volume":"13","author":"Tebbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"IUCN (2009). IUCN Water and Nature Initiative Pangani Basin Water Board. Pangani Basin: A Situation Analysis, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Naturals Resources. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ngana, J.O. (2002). Study of two catchments on the hillside of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Water Resources Management: The Case of Pangani River Basin Issues and Approaches, Dar es Salaam Univesity Press."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Thieme, M., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Lehnher, B., Teugels, G.G., DInerstein, E., Kamden Tohan, A., Burgess, N., and Olden, J.D. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Arica and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"14","article-title":"Ctenochromis pectoralis: A most mysterious Tanzanian river cichlid","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cichlid News"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.12.023","article-title":"The seismic-stratigraphic record of lake-level fluctuations in Lake Challa: Hydrological stability and change in equatorial East Africa over the last 140 kyr","volume":"290","author":"Moernaut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of water quality in Lake Chala catchment area, Kenya","volume":"2","author":"Mulwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Res. J. Phys. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"151","article-title":"Land-use\/cover changes and their drivers on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Misana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Reg. Plan."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2014.59.5.1621","article-title":"Modern seasonality in Lake Chala (Kenya\/Tanzania) and its sedimentary documentation in recent lake sediments","volume":"59","author":"Wolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90114-9","article-title":"Water balance of Lake Chala and its relation to groundwater from tritium and stable isotope data","volume":"11","author":"Payne","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Musyoki, M.M. (2003). The Situation Analysis of the Kenyan Part of the Pangani River Basin Catchment: The Lake Jipe Watershed and System."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-015-2218-0","article-title":"Tracing functional adaptation in African cichlid fishes through morphometric analysis of fossil teeth: Exploring the methods","volume":"755","author":"Dieleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2011.03101.x","article-title":"Ancient origin and recent divergence of a haplochromine cichlid lineage from isolated water bodies in the East African Rift system","volume":"79","author":"Hermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trewavas, E. (1983). Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia, British Museum of Natural History.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.123198"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013107","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.53.1.013107","article-title":"Nearest-neighbor diffusion-based pan-sharpening algorithm for spectral images","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017349","article-title":"Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE","volume":"51","author":"Richey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.008","article-title":"Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space","volume":"370","author":"Swenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2009.12.010","article-title":"Recent hydrological behavior of the East African great lakes region inferred from GRACE, satellite altimetry and rainfall observations","volume":"342","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011547","article-title":"Improved methods for observing Earth\u2019s time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons","volume":"120","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Wiese, D.N., Yuan, D.N., Boening, C., Landerer, F.W., and Watkins, M.M. (2016, October 27). Mascon Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height RL05M.1 CRI Filtered Version 2. Ver. 2. PO.DAAC, CA, USA. Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5067\/TEMSC-2LCR5."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900141","article-title":"Detectability of variations in continental water storage from satellite observations of the time dependent gravity field","volume":"35","author":"Rodell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"World Bank (2016, October 27). Population Estimates and Projections. Available online: http:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/hnp\/popestimates."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1983)111<0609:ETDGMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Efficient Three-Dimensional Global Models for Climate Studies: Models I and II","volume":"111","author":"Hansen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/2013MS000266","article-title":"CMIP5 historical simulations (1850\u20132012) with GISS ModelE2","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0148-z","article-title":"The representative concentration pathways: An overview","volume":"109","author":"Edmonds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2148","article-title":"The climate policy narrative for a dangerously warming world","volume":"4","author":"Sanford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-6-61-2014","article-title":"The CRUTEM4 land-surface air temperature dataset: Construction, previous versions and dissemination via Google Earth","volume":"6","author":"Osborn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.012","article-title":"Automated cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection in multitemporal Landsat data: An algorithm designed specifically for monitoring land cover change","volume":"152","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Land use intensity trajectories on Amazonian pastures derived from Landsat time series","volume":"41","author":"Rufin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90102-6","article-title":"ATM tasseled cap equivalent transformation for reflectance factor data","volume":"17","author":"Crist","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.915434","article-title":"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 8 at-satellite reflectance","volume":"5","author":"Baig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90013-N","article-title":"The spectral image-processing system (SIPS)\u2014Interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data","volume":"44","author":"Kruse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.015","article-title":"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change","volume":"148","author":"Olofsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A., and Ene, E. (2015, August 14). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer Software Program Produced by the Authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available online: http:\/\/www.umass.edu\/landeco\/research\/fragstats\/fragstats.html2012."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/2011026","article-title":"The importance of land use\/land cover data in fish and mussel conservation planning","volume":"47","author":"Hopkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Limnol.-Int. J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1740.1","article-title":"Structure and composition of altered riparian forests in an agricultural Amazonian landscape","volume":"25","author":"Nagy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00312.1","article-title":"Importance of landscape heterogeneity in sustaining hydrologic ecosystem services in an agricultural watershed","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(1997)022<0006:IOWLUO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influences of watershed land use on habitat quality and biotic integrity in Wisconsin streams","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.8.815","article-title":"Mapping Crop Types, Irrigated Areas, and Cropping Intensities in Heterogeneous Landscapes of Southern India Using Multi-Temporal Medium-Resolution Imagery: Implications for Assessing Water Use in Agriculture","volume":"78","author":"Heller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Hawes, E., and Smith, M. (1995). Riparian Buffer Zones: Functions and Recommended Widths, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hansen, B., Reich, P., Lake, P.S., and Cavagnaro, T. (2010). Minimum Width Requirements for Riparian Zones to Protect Flowing Waters and to Conserve Biodiversity: A Review and Recommendations, Monash University."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3541.1","article-title":"Paramount impact of the Indian Ocean dipole on the East African short rains: A CGCM study","volume":"18","author":"Behera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9542","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR018846","article-title":"Monitoring groundwater storage changes in complex basement aquifers: An evaluation of the GRACE satellites over East Africa","volume":"52","author":"Nanteza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09440","article-title":"Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity","volume":"467","author":"McIntyre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2007","article-title":"Mapping vulnerability and conservation adaptation strategies under climate change","volume":"3","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02949.x","article-title":"The effects of temperature on muscle pH, adenylate and phosphogen concentrations in Oreochromis-alcalicus-grahami, a fish adapted to an alkaline hot-spring","volume":"23","author":"Johnston","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26990","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26990","article-title":"Mammalian metabolic rates in the hottest fish on earth","volume":"6","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2690.1.4","article-title":"A new species of Danakilia (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Lake Abaeded in the Danakil Depression of Eritrea (East Africa)","volume":"2690","author":"Stiassny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/1444264","article-title":"A new genus and species of cichlid endemic to southern Iran","volume":"1","author":"Coad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNab, B.K. (2002). The Physiological Ecology of Vertebrates: A View from Energetics, Cornell University Press.","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2002)002[1170:]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037523","article-title":"Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: A matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems","volume":"213","author":"Portner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x","article-title":"Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: Towards a cause-and-effect understanding","volume":"77","author":"Portner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159328","article-title":"Ecology\u2014Putting the heat on tropical animals","volume":"320","author":"Tewksbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709472105","article-title":"Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude","volume":"105","author":"Deutsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1086\/284267","article-title":"On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species","volume":"124","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.253","article-title":"Influence of dietary specialization and resource availability on geographical variation in abundance of butterflyfish","volume":"2","author":"Lawton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.699","article-title":"The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity","volume":"15","author":"Canonico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(78)90015-7","article-title":"Food and feeding-habits of Tilapia-zillii (gervais) (cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","volume":"14","author":"Spataru","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0568-3","article-title":"Precipitous decline and conservation of Slackwater Darter (Etheostoma boschungi) in tributaries of the Tennessee River, Tennessee and Alabama","volume":"22","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"207","article-title":"Description of Melanotaenia fasinensis, a new species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from West Papua, Indonesia with comments on the rediscovery of M. ajamaruensis and the endangered status of M. parva","volume":"34","author":"Kadarusman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cybium"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00412.1","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of Gambusia holbrooki on the extinction risk of the critically endangered red-finned blue-eye","volume":"6","author":"Nicol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12216","article-title":"Climate and species richness patterns of freshwater fish in North America and Europe","volume":"41","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107887","article-title":"Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world\u2019s large river systems","volume":"308","author":"Nilsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00001938","article-title":"The decline of the native fishes of Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East-Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the nile perch, Lates-niloticus, and the nile tilapia, Oreochromis-niloticus","volume":"27","author":"Ogutuohwayo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2653","article-title":"Protected areas and imperilled endemic freshwater biodiversity in the Western Ghats Hotspot","volume":"26","author":"Raghavan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.549","article-title":"Digging the pupfish out of its hole: Risk analyses to guide harvest of Devils Hole pupfish for captive breeding","volume":"2","author":"Beissinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR015511","article-title":"Life in a fishbowl: Prospects for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) in a changing climate","volume":"50","author":"Hausner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.11.017","article-title":"Sulfur deposition suppressed nitrogen-induced soil N2O emission from a subtropical forestland in southeastern China","volume":"233","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.11.051","article-title":"Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition model performance in the context of US critical load assessments","volume":"150","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.164","article-title":"Modelling impacts of atmospheric deposition and temperature on long-term DOC trends","volume":"578","author":"Sawicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasr, M., and Arp, P.A. (2017). Mercury and Organic Matter Concentrations in Lake and Stream Sediments in relation to One Another and to Atmospheric Mercury Deposition and Climate Variations across Canada. J. Chem., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8949502"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12081","article-title":"Climate-induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: Observed and predicted trends","volume":"58","author":"Comte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betancur-R, R., Broughton, R.E., Wiley, E.O., Carpenter, K., L\u00f3pez, J.A., Li, C., Holcroft, N.I., Arcila, D., Sanciangco, M., and Cureton, I.I.J.C. (2013). The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PLoS Curr.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys060","article-title":"The Evolution of Pharyngognathy: A Phylogenetic and Functional Appraisal of the Pharyngeal Jaw Key Innovation in Labroid Fishes and Beyond","volume":"61","author":"Wainwright","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187512","article-title":"Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines","volume":"328","author":"Butchart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2014.12.007","article-title":"GLOBIO-Aquatic, a global model of human impact on the biodiversity of inland aquatic ecosystems","volume":"48","author":"Janse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/02604027.2014.894868","article-title":"Explosive population growth in tropical Africa: Crucial omission in development forecasts \u2013 emerging risks and way out","volume":"70","author":"Zinkina","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Futures"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2638","article-title":"Achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 to improve the performance of protected areas and conserve freshwater biodiversity","volume":"26","author":"Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin, B.C., Ackerly, D.D., Klos, P.Z., Natali, J., and Dawson, T.E. (2017). Hydrologic refugia, plants, and climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13629"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:39:30Z","timestamp":1760207970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/6\/623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9060623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9060623","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,17]]}}}