{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T15:42:29Z","timestamp":1770997349186,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20150579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20150579"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016T90442 & 2015M57043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016T90442 & 2015M57043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecosystem-scale water-use efficiency (WUE), defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET), is an important indicator of coupled carbon-water cycles. Relationships between WUE and environmental factors have been widely investigated, but the variations in WUE in response to biotic factors remain little understood. Here, we argue that phenology plays an important role in the regulation of WUE by analyzing seasonal WUE responses to variability of photosynthetic phenological factors in terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere using MODIS satellite observations during 2000\u20132014. Our results show that WUE, during spring and autumn is widely and significantly correlated to the start (SOS) and end (EOS) of growing season, respectively, after controlling for environmental factors (including temperature, precipitation, radiation and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration). The main patterns of WUE response to phenology suggest that an increase in spring (or autumn) WUE with an earlier SOS (or later EOS) are mainly because the increase in GPP is relatively large in magnitude compared to that of ET, or due to an increase in GPP accompanied by a decrease in ET, resulting from an advanced SOS (or a delayed EOS). Our results and conclusions are helpful to complement our knowledge of the biological regulatory mechanisms underlying coupled carbon-water cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1498645556000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Phenology Plays an Important Role in the Regulation of Terrestrial Ecosystem Water-Use Efficiency in the Northern Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Geography &amp; Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Z\u00fcrcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Magliulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems, Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4718-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2942","article-title":"Productivity of North American grasslands is increased under future climate scenarios despite rising aridity","volume":"6","author":"Hufkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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