{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:25:22Z","timestamp":1767155122262,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have considered the spatiotemporal changes in wetland land cover based on type 2 fuzzy sets using long-term series of remotely sensed data. This paper presents an improved interval type 2 fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM*) approach to analyse the spatial and temporal changes in the geomorphology of the Beidagang wetland in North China from 1975 to 2015 based on long-term Landsat data. Unlike traditional type 1 fuzzy c-means methods, the IT2FCM* algorithm based on interval type-2 fuzzy set has an ability to better handle the spectral uncertainty. Four indexes were adopted to validate the separability of classes with the IT2FCM* algorithm. These four validity indexes showed that IT2FCM* obtained better results than traditional methods. Additionally, the accuracy of the classification results was assessed based on the confusion matrix and kappa coefficient, which were high for the analysis of wetland landscape changes. Based on the analysis of separability of classes with the IT2FCM* algorithm using four validity indexes, the classification results, and the membership value images, the long-term series of satellite datasets were processed using the IT2FCM* method, and the study area was classified into six classes. Because water resources and vegetation are two key wetland components, the water resource dynamics and vegetation dynamics, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were analysed in detail according to the spatiotemporal classification results. The results show that the changes in vegetation types have historically been associated with water resource variations and that water resources play an important role in the evolution of vegetation types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T10:31:57Z","timestamp":1499164317000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Remote Sensing of Spatiotemporal Changes in Wetland Geomorphology Based on Type 2 Fuzzy Sets: A Case Study of Beidagang Wetland from 1975 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture\/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifa","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture\/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"ICube, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard S\u00e9bastien Brant, CS10413, 67412 Illkirch, France"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and LaRoe, E.T. 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