{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T09:20:42Z","timestamp":1768036842695,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: Overshooting convective cloud Top (OT)-accompanied clouds can cause severe weather conditions, such as lightning, strong winds, and heavy rainfall. The distribution and behavior of OTs can affect regional and global climate systems. In this paper, we propose a new approach for OT detection by using machine learning methods with multiple infrared images and their derived features. Himawari-8 satellite images were used as the main input data, and binary detection (OT or nonOT) with class probability was the output of the machine learning models. Three machine learning techniques\u2014random forest (RF), extremely randomized trees (ERT), and logistic regression (LR)\u2014were used to develop OT classification models to distinguish OT from non-OT. The hindcast validation over the Southeast Asia and West Pacific regions showed that RF performed best, resulting in a mean probabilities of detection (POD) of 77.06% and a mean false alarm ratio (FAR) of 36.13%. Brightness temperature at 11.2 \u03bcm (Tb11) and its standard deviation (STD) in a 3 \u00d7 3 window size were identified as the most contributing variables for discriminating OT and nonOT classes. The proposed machine learning-based OT detection algorithms produced promising results comparable to or even better than the existing approaches, which are the infrared window (IRW)-texture and water vapor (WV) minus IRW brightness temperature difference (BTD) methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T10:31:57Z","timestamp":1499164317000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of Tropical Overshooting Cloud Tops Using Himawari-8 Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Miae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4506-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungho","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haemi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myong-In","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2044-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoung-Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Ewha Woman\u2019s University, Seoul 03760, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, May 28). 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