{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:00:16Z","timestamp":1773702016597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Open Research Fund of the Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2016LDE002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016LDE002"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2015XKMS052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015XKMS052"]}]},{"name":"the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41590852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590852"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaciers in high mountain regions play an important role in global climate research. Glacier motion, which is the main characteristic of glacier activity, has attracted much interest and has been widely studied, because an accurate ice motion field is crucial for both glacier activity analysis and ice avalanche prediction. Unfortunately, the serious topographic effects associated with the complex terrain in high mountain regions can result in errors in ice movement estimation. Thus, according to the different characteristics of the results of pixel tracking in the wavelet domain after random sample consensus (RANSAC)-based global deformation removal, a wavelet-based topographic effect compensation operation is presented in this paper. The proposed method is then used for ice motion estimation in the Muztagh Ata region, without the use of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging geometry parameters. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of glacier motion estimation by reducing the mean and standard deviation values from 0.32 m and 0.4 m to 0.16 m and 0.23 m, respectively, in non-glacial regions, after precisely compensating the topographic effect with Advanced Land Observing Satellite\u2013Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS\u2013PALSAR) imagery. Therefore, the presented wavelet-based topographic effect compensation method is also effective without requiring the SAR imaging geometry parameters and has the potential to be widely used in the accurate estimation of mountain glacier velocity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T10:55:45Z","timestamp":1499338545000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wavelet-Based Topographic Effect Compensation in Accurate Mountain Glacier Velocity Extraction: A Case Study of the Muztagh Ata Region, Eastern Pamir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9577-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyong","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazhong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3189\/172756407782871512","article-title":"Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: The European Alps","volume":"46","author":"Haeberli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.025","article-title":"Rock glacier dynamics in Southern Carpathian Mountains from high-resolution optical and multi-temporal SAR satellite imagery","volume":"177","author":"Necsoiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG14J052","article-title":"Flow dynamics of Byrd Glacier, East Antarctica","volume":"60","author":"Stearns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9239","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109239","article-title":"Estimating Spatial and Temporal Variability in Surface Kinematics of the Inylchek Glacier, Central Asia, using TerraSAR-X Data","volume":"6","author":"Neelmeijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J107","article-title":"Acceleration and flotation of a glacier terminus during formation of a proglacial lake in Rhonegletscher, Switzerland","volume":"59","author":"Tsutaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.021","article-title":"Short-term glacier velocity changes at West Kunlun Shan, Northwest Tibet, detected by Synthetic Aperture Radar data","volume":"128","author":"Yasuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5518","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.792965","article-title":"Estimation and validation of glacier surface motion in the northwestern Himalayas using high-resolution SAR intensity tracking","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J234","article-title":"Glacier velocity measurements in the eastern Yigong Zangbo basin, Tibet, China","volume":"59","author":"Ke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.01.005","article-title":"Climate change impact on glacier and snow melt and runoff in Tamakoshi basin in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region","volume":"511","author":"Khadka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.04.002","article-title":"3-D movement mapping of the alpine glacier in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by integrating D-InSAR, MAI and Offset-Tracking: Case study of the Dongkemadi Glacier","volume":"118","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1094588","article-title":"Modified four-pass differential SAR interferometry for estimating mountain glacier surface velocity fields","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8653","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.845923","article-title":"Recent changes in the snout position and surface velocity of Gangotri glacier observed from space","volume":"34","author":"Saraswat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.023","article-title":"Performance of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager for mapping ice sheet velocity","volume":"170","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.007","article-title":"Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satellite L-band SAR data","volume":"112","author":"Strozzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2387865","article-title":"Improved SAR Amplitude Image Offset Measurements for Deriving Three-Dimensional Coseismic Displacements","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14576","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114576","article-title":"Exploitation of Amplitude and Phase of Satellite SAR Images for Landslide Mapping: The Case of Montescaglioso (South Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Raspini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000466","article-title":"Avalanching glacier instabilities: Review on processes and early warning perspectives","volume":"53","author":"Faillettaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.754561","article-title":"Mountain glacier displacement estimation using a DEM-assisted offset tracking method with ALOS\/PALSAR data","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.08.016","article-title":"Investigating mountain glacier motion with the method of SAR intensity-tracking: Removal of topographic effects and analysis of the dynamic patterns","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1183177","article-title":"An improved pixel-tracking method for monitoring mining subsidence","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.822750","article-title":"Wavelet-based feature extraction for improved endmember abundance estimation in linear unmixing of hyperspectral signals","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/34.192463","article-title":"A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation","volume":"11","author":"Stephane","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Christopher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2749-5","article-title":"Estimation and analysis of the surface velocity field of mountain glaciers in Muztag Ata using satellite SAR data","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-2071-2015","article-title":"Four decades of glacier variations at Muztagh Ata (eastern Pamir): A multi-sensor study including Hexagon KH-9 and Pl\u00e9iades data","volume":"9","author":"Holzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere Discuss."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Wei, J., Xu, J., Guo, W., Bao, W., and Jiang, Z. (2016). Mass Change of Glaciers in Muztag Ata-Kongur Tagh, Eastern Pamir, China from 1971\/76 to 2013\/14 as Derived from Remote Sensing Data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147327"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.42","article-title":"A rapid glacier surge on mount tobe feng, western china, 2015","volume":"62","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-723-2017","article-title":"Surge dynamics and lake outbursts of Kyagar Glacier, Karakoram","volume":"11","author":"Round","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcnzer, U., and Weber-Diefenbach, K. (2003). Remote sensing of subglacial eruptions in iceland and the development of related warning systems. Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55903-7_68"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.019","article-title":"The potential of satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking for monitoring flow rates of Himalayan glaciers","volume":"111","author":"Luckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.018","article-title":"Glacier-surface velocities in alpine terrain from optical satellite imagery\u2014Accuracy improvement and quality assessment","volume":"112","author":"Scherler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.805079","article-title":"Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures","volume":"40","author":"Strozzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2012.03.003","article-title":"Remote sensing image matching by integrating affine invariant feature extraction and RANSAC","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1145\/358669.358692","article-title":"Random Sample Consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with application to image analysis and automated cartography","volume":"24","author":"Martin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.09.095","article-title":"Visual summarization of image collections by fast RANSAC","volume":"172","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1999.0832","article-title":"MLESAC: A New Robust Estimator with Application to Estimating Image Geometry","volume":"78","author":"Torr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2046416","article-title":"Model Fitting Using RANSAC for Surgical Tool Localization in 3-D Ultrasound Images","volume":"57","author":"Kybic","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2143419","article-title":"Estimating the Effect of Satellite Orbital Error Using Wavelet-Based Robust Regression Applied to InSAR Deformation Data","volume":"49","author":"Shirzaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1139\/cjes-2015-0087","article-title":"Glacier velocities and dynamic discharge from the ice masses of Baffin Island and Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada","volume":"52","author":"Copland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3146","article-title":"Flow velocities of Alaskan glaciers","volume":"4","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/7\/697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:45Z","timestamp":1760208105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/7\/697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9070697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9070697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]}}}