{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:36:37Z","timestamp":1762252597809,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201506270080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506270080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF CAREER AGS","award":["0847472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0847472"]}]},{"name":"USDA\/NIFA grant on drought triggers and global trade","award":["2011\u201367019\u201320042","2015\u201367023\u201323109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\u201367019\u201320042","2015\u201367023\u201323109"]}]},{"name":"USDA NIFA Hatch project","award":["1007699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1007699"]}]},{"name":"Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India","award":["MM\/SERP\/CNRS\/2013\/INT-10\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MM\/SERP\/CNRS\/2013\/INT-10\/002"]}]},{"name":"Union Foundation of Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["6141A02022318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6141A02022318"]}]},{"name":"Creative Research Groups of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China","award":["2016CFA003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016CFA003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042017GF0057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042017GF0057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different drought indices often provide different diagnoses of drought severity, making it difficult to determine the best way to evaluate these different drought monitoring results. Additionally, the ability of a newly proposed drought index, the Process-based Accumulated Drought Index (PADI) has not yet been tested in United States. In this study, we quantified the severity of 2012 drought which affected the agricultural output for much of the Midwestern US. We used several popular drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index with multiple time scales, Palmer Drought Severity Index, Palmer Z-index, VegDRI, and PADI by comparing the spatial distribution, temporal evolution, and crop impacts produced by each of these indices with the United States Drought Monitor. Results suggested this drought incubated around June 2011 and ended in May 2013. While different drought indices depicted drought severity variously. SPI outperformed SPEI and has decent correlation with yield loss especially at a 6 months scale and in the middle growth season, while VegDRI and PADI demonstrated the highest correlation especially in late growth season, indicating they are complementary and should be used together. These results are valuable for comparing and understanding the different performances of drought indices in the Midwestern US.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T11:45:01Z","timestamp":1501069501000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gauging the Severity of the 2012 Midwestern U.S. Drought for Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Agronomy-Crops, Soil, Environmental Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"given":"Chehan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Obringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"given":"Deren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengcheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Dev","family":"Niyogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy-Crops, Soil, Environmental Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16467","article-title":"Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production","volume":"529","author":"Lesk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000786","article-title":"Midwest drought in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Mallya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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