{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:46:20Z","timestamp":1771011980114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFA0600202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600202"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41503700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41503700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) for assessing water stress in maize for the purpose of developing remote sensing techniques for monitoring water deficits in crops. Leaf-level chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy-level PRI were measured concurrently over a maize field with five different irrigation treatments, ranging from 20% to 90% of the field capacity (FC). Significant correlations were found between leaf-level NPQ (NPQleaf) and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid content (Chl\/Car) (R2 = 0.71, p &lt; 0.01) and between NPQleaf and the actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (\u0394F\/Fm\u2032) (R2 = 0.81, p &lt; 0.005). At the early growing stage, both canopy-level PRI and NPQleaf are good indicators of water stress (R2 = 0.65 and p &lt; 0.05; R2 = 0.63 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively). For assessment of extreme water stress on plant growth, a relationship is also established between the quantum yield of photochemistry in PSII (\u03a6P) and the quantum yield of fluorescence (\u03a6F) as determined from photochemical quenching (PQ) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQleaf) of excitation energy at different water stress levels. These results would be helpful in monitoring soil water stress on crops at large scales using remote sensing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T10:05:25Z","timestamp":1501668325000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Canopy-Level Photochemical Reflectance Index from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and Leaf-Level Non-Photochemical Quenching as Early Indicators of Water Stress in Maize"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shuren","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoaib","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.52.2.247","article-title":"Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes","volume":"52","author":"Alcamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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