{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:57:14Z","timestamp":1777733834662,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landslides are widespread natural hazards that generate considerable damage and economic losses worldwide. Detecting terrain movements caused by these phenomena and characterizing affected urban areas is critical to reduce their impact. Here we present a fast and simple methodology to create maps of vulnerable buildings affected by slow-moving landslides, based on two parameters: (1) the deformation rate associated to each building, measured from Sentinel-1 SAR data, and (2) the building damage generated by the landslide movement and recorded during a field campaign. We apply this method to Arcos de la Frontera, a monumental town in South Spain affected by a slow-moving landslide that has caused severe damage to buildings, forcing the evacuation of some of them. Our results show that maximum deformation rates of 4 cm\/year in the line-of-sight (LOS) of the satellite, affects La Verbena, a newly-developed area, and displacements are mostly horizontal, as expected for a planar-landslide. Our building damage assessment reveals that most of the building blocks in La Verbena present moderate to severe damages. According to our vulnerability scale, 93% of the building blocks analysed present high vulnerability and, thus, should be the focus of more in-depth local studies to evaluate the serviceability of buildings, prior to adopting the necessary mitigation measures to reduce or cope with the negative consequences of this landslide. This methodology can be applied to slow-moving landslides worldwide thanks to the global availability of Sentinel-1 SAR data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T11:32:27Z","timestamp":1503487947000},"page":"876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Mapping Vulnerable Urban Areas Affected by Slow-Moving Landslides Using Sentinel-1 InSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"B\u00e9jar-Pizarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Notti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Urb. Alc\u00e1zar del Genil, 4-Edif. Bajo, 18006 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ezquerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Centolanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DARES TECHNOLOGY, Esteve Terradas, 1, Edif. RDIT, Parc UPC-PMT, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"EuroGeoSurveys: Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), 36-38, Rue Joseph II, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Bru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences (CSIC, UCM), Facultad C. Matem\u00e1ticas, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Solari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, University of Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Duro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DARES TECHNOLOGY, Esteve Terradas, 1, Edif. RDIT, Parc UPC-PMT, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3637-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences (CSIC, UCM), Facultad C. Matem\u00e1ticas, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, U., Blum, P., da Silva, P.F., Haque, U., Blum, P., da Silva, P.F., Andersen, P., Pilz, J., Chalov, S.R., and Malet, J.P. (2016). Fatal landslides in Europe. 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