{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:32:19Z","timestamp":1773786739658,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 105-2625-M-005-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2625-M-005-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetation recovery monitoring is critical for assessing denudation areas after landslides have occurred. A long-term and broad area investigation using remote sensing techniques is an efficient and cost-effective approach incorporating the consideration of radiometric correction and seasonality variations across multi-date satellite images. This paper investigates long-term vegetation recovery using 14 SPOT satellite images spanning from 1999 to 2011 over the landslide area of Mt. Jou-Jou in central Taiwan, which was caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. The vegetation status was evaluated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with radiometric correction between multi-date images based on pseudoinvariant features, and subsequently a vegetation recovery rate (VRR) model was empirically established after seasonality adjustment was performed on the multi-date NDVI images. An increasing tendency of the vegetation recovery in the landslide area of Mt. Jou-Jou appeared based on the NDVI value rising to 0.367 in March 2011 from \u22120.044 right after the catastrophic earthquake. The vegetation recovery rate with seasonality adjustment approached 81.5% for the total area and 81.3% for the landslide area through 12 years succession. The seasonality adjustment also enhanced the VRR model with a determination coefficient that increased from 0.883 to 0.916 for the landslide area and from 0.584 to 0.915 for the total area, highlighting the necessity of seasonality adjustment in multi-date vegetation observations using satellite images. Furthermore, the association between precipitation and NDVI was discussed, and the inverse relationship with the reoccurrence of high-intensity short-duration rainfall and yearly heavy rainfall was observed, in agreement with the on-site investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T12:08:37Z","timestamp":1503922117000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Long-Term Vegetation Recovery Estimation for Mt. Jou-Jou Using Multi-Date SPOT 1, 2, and 4 Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ming-Der","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Su-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Ping","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0730030863","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of a slope failure from the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquake","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. 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