{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:21:31Z","timestamp":1765232491740,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) grant","award":["PE17120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE17120"]}]},{"name":"the project titled K-AOOS, funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","award":["PM17040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PM17040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea ice motion and deformation have generally been measured using low-resolution passive microwave or mid-resolution radar remote sensing datasets of daily (or few days) intervals to monitor long-term trends over a wide polar area. This feasibility study presents an application of high-resolution optical images from operational satellites, which have become more available in polar regions, for sea ice motion and deformation measurements. The sea ice motion, i.e., Lagrangian vector, is measured by using a maximum cross-correlation (MCC) technique and multi-temporal high-resolution images acquired on 14\u201315 August 2014 from multiple spaceborne sensors on board Korea Multi-Purpose Satellites (KOMPSATs) with short acquisition time intervals. The sea ice motion extracted from the six image pairs of the spatial resolutions were resampled to 4 m and 15 m yields with vector length measurements of 57.7 m root mean square error (RMSE) and \u221211.4 m bias and 60.7 m RMSE and \u221213.5 m bias, respectively, compared with buoy location records. The errors from both resolutions indicate more accurate measurements than from conventional sea ice motion datasets from passive microwave and radar data in ice and water mixed surface conditions. In the results of sea ice deformation caused by interaction of individual ice floes, while free drift patterns of ice floes were delineated from the 4 m spatial resolution images, the deformation was less revealing in the 15 m spatial resolution image pairs due to emphasized discretization uncertainty from coarser pixel sizes. The results demonstrate that using multi-temporal high-resolution optical satellite images enabled precise image block matching in the melting season, thus this approach could be used for expanding sea ice motion and deformation dataset, with an advantage of frequent image acquisition capability in multiple areas by means of many operational satellites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T11:34:52Z","timestamp":1504870492000},"page":"930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Feasibility Study of Sea Ice Motion and Deformation Measurements Using Multi-Sensor High-Resolution Optical Satellite Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chang-Uk","family":"Hyun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Arctic Sea-Ice Prediction, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Arctic Sea-Ice Prediction, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3189\/172756401781818374","article-title":"A comparison of East Antarctic sea-ice motion derived using drifting buoys and remote sensing","volume":"33","author":"Heil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00755","article-title":"Satellite-derived maps of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice motion: 1988 to 1994","volume":"24","author":"Emery","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8775","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900270","article-title":"Large-scale drift of arctic sea ice retrieved from passive microwave satellite data","volume":"105","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavergne, T., Eastwood, S., Teffah, Z., Schyberg, H., and Breivik, L.A. (2010). Sea ice motion from low-resolution satellite sensors: An alternative method and its validation in the arctic. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005958"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1627","article-title":"Wind-driven trends in Antarctic sea-ice drift","volume":"5","author":"Holland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, N., Nishimura, A., Tanaka, Y., and Yamaguchi, H. (2013). Influence of winter sea-ice motion on summer ice cover in the arctic. Polar Res., 32.","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v32i0.20193"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.772314","article-title":"Analysis of sea ice motion and deformation using AMSR-E data from 2005 to 2007","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1029\/90JC02273","article-title":"Fram strait satellite image-derived ice motions","volume":"96","author":"Emery","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.2001.9649681","article-title":"Short time-span ice tracking using sequential AVHRR imagery","volume":"39","author":"Vincent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos.-Ocean"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, R. (1998). The RADARSAT geophysical processor system. Analysis of SAR Data of the Polar Oceans, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60282-5_11"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Flocco, D., Laxon, S., Feltham, D., and Haas, C. (2012, January 22\u201327). Validation and interpretation of a new sea ice GlobIce dataset using buoys and the CICE sea ice model. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.027","article-title":"Semi-automated feature-tracking of East Antarctic sea ice from Envisat ASAR imagery","volume":"115","author":"Giles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2236845","article-title":"Sea ice motion tracking from sequential dual-polarization RADARSAT-2 images","volume":"52","author":"Komarov","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20158","article-title":"Sea ice motion and open water area at the Ronne Polynia, Antarctica: Synthetic aperture radar observations versus model results","volume":"118","author":"Hollands","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10725","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC09p10725","article-title":"Automated extraction of pack ice motion from advanced very high resolution radiometer imagery","volume":"91","author":"Ninnis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2011.04.003","article-title":"Deformation of the arctic ocean ice cover after the 2007 record minimum in summer ice extent","volume":"76","author":"Kwok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<1333:TRGPSQ>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The RADARSAT geophysical processor system: Quality of sea ice trajectory and deformation estimates","volume":"20","author":"Lindsay","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, R., Cunningham, G.F., and Hibler, W.D. (2003). Sub-daily sea ice motion and deformation from RADARSAT observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018723"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchings, J., and Hibler, W. (2008). Small-scale sea ice deformation in the Beauport sea seasonal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003971"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2008.07.008","article-title":"Monitoring the dynamics of ice shelf margins in polar regions with high-spatial-and high-temporal-resolution space-borne optical imagery","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2314958","article-title":"Measuring arctic sea ice motion in real time with photogrammetry","volume":"11","author":"Hagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.015","article-title":"Declassified high-resolution visible imagery for Arctic sea ice investigations: An overview","volume":"142","author":"Kwok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/48.46835","article-title":"An ice-motion tracking system at the Alaska SAR facility","volume":"15","author":"Kwok","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2340572","article-title":"Reliability measures for sea ice motion retrieval from synthetic aperture radar images","volume":"8","author":"Hollands","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1559\/152304008784864668","article-title":"Modeling the potential swath coverage of nadir and off-nadir pointable remote sensing satellite-sensor systems","volume":"35","author":"Hodgson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Seo, D.C., Yang, J.Y., Lee, D.H., Song, J.H., and Lim, H. (2008, January 3\u201311). KOMPSAT-2 direct sensor modeling and geometric calibration\/validation. Proceedings of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Congress, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.3390\/s150305649","article-title":"An efficient mosaic algorithm considering seasonal variation: Application to KOMPSAT-2 satellite images","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2574902","article-title":"Radiometric characteristics of kompsat-3 multispectral images using the spectra of well-known surface tarps","volume":"54","author":"Yeom","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalieri, D., Parkinson, C., Gloersen, P., and Zwally, H.J. (1996). Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM\/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5067\/8GQ8LZQVL0VL.","DOI":"10.5067\/8GQ8LZQVL0VL"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2016, October 08). Overview: Ice-Tethered Profiler. Available online: http:\/\/www.whoi.edu\/website\/itp\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1029\/2006EO410003","article-title":"Ice-tethered profilers sample the upper arctic ocean","volume":"87","author":"Toole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHO587.1","article-title":"Automated ice-tethered profilers for seawater observations under pack ice in all seasons","volume":"25","author":"Krishfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3189\/172756411795931606","article-title":"Comparison of different retrieval techniques for melt ponds on Arctic sea ice from Landsat and MODIS satellite data","volume":"52","author":"Kaleschke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4173\/mic.2014.4.6","article-title":"Image techniques for identifying sea-ice parameters","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Model. Identif. Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R.C., Woods, R.E., and Eddins, S.L. (2003). Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03334","article-title":"Sea ice motion from satellite passive microwave imagery assessed with ERS SAR and buoy motions","volume":"103","author":"Kwok","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3507.1","article-title":"Ross sea ice motion, area flux, and deformation","volume":"18","author":"Kwok","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3189\/172756411795931813","article-title":"A comparison of satellite-derived sea-ice motion with drifting-buoy data in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica","volume":"52","author":"Schwegmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.848309","article-title":"Inter-comparison of satellite sea ice motion with drifting buoy data","volume":"34","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5285","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010810","article-title":"Uncertainty of Arctic summer ice drift assessed by high-resolution SAR data","volume":"120","author":"Sumata","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO527.1","article-title":"Estimation of surface currents in the Adriatic sea from sequential infrared satellite images","volume":"25","author":"Notarstefano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, H.L., and Moritz, R.E. (2002). Sea ice kinematics and surface properties from RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar during the SHEBA drift. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000472"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Yau, C. (2017, March 16). R Tutorial with Bayesian Statistics Using OpenBUGS. Available online: http:\/\/www.r-tutor.com\/content\/r-tutorial-ebook."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3189\/002214311796406167","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice thickness and kinematics: A review","volume":"56","author":"Kwok","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2048305","article-title":"Tracking the movement and changing surface characteristics of Arctic sea ice","volume":"3","author":"Tschudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHO774.1","article-title":"Observations of large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves from a drifting array: Instruments and methods","volume":"27","author":"Centurioni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"SIIS (SI Imaging Services) (2016, August 03). Location Accuracy of KOMPSAT Products: DEC. Available online: http:\/\/www.si-imaging.com\/lfile\/Geolocation."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.11","article-title":"Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness and kinematics: Satellite retrievals and modeling","volume":"23","author":"Kwok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanography"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/9\/930\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:44:30Z","timestamp":1760208270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/9\/930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9090930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9090930","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]}}}