{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:45:42Z","timestamp":1768988742911,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["131C11KYSB20160061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131C11KYSB20160061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near surface air temperature (Ta) is one of the key input parameters in land surface models and hydrological models as it affects most biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes of the earth surface system. For distributed hydrological modeling over glacierized basins, obtaining high resolution Ta forcing is one of the major challenges. In this study, we proposed a new high resolution daily Ta estimation scheme under both clear and cloudy sky conditions through integrating the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) and China Meteorological Administration (CMA) land data assimilation system (CLDAS) reanalyzed daily Ta. Spatio-temporal continuous MODIS LST was reconstructed through the data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions (DINEOF) method. Multi-variable regression models were developed at CLDAS scale and then used to estimate Ta at MODIS scale. The new Ta estimation scheme was tested over the Langtang Valley, Nepal as a demonstrating case study. Observations from two automatic weather stations at Kyanging and Yala located in the Langtang Valley from 2012 to 2014 were used to validate the accuracy of Ta estimation. The RMSEs are 2.05, 1.88, and 3.63 K, and the biases are 0.42, \u22120.68 and \u22122.86 K for daily maximum, mean and minimum Ta, respectively, at the Kyanging station. At the Yala station, the RMSE values are 4.53, 2.68 and 2.36 K, and biases are 4.03, 1.96 and \u22120.35 K for the estimated daily maximum, mean and minimum Ta, respectively. Moreover, the proposed scheme can produce reasonable spatial distribution pattern of Ta at the Langtang Valley. Our results show the proposed Ta estimation scheme is promising for integration with distributed hydrological model for glacier melting simulation over glacierized basins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T10:22:10Z","timestamp":1505470930000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Estimating High Resolution Daily Air Temperature Based on Remote Sensing Products and Climate Reanalysis Datasets over Glacierized Basins: A Case Study in the Langtang Valley, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8432-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-7197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Yam","family":"Dhital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal"}]},{"given":"Ruzhen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuechi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongteng","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/260580","article-title":"A review on land surface processes modelling over complex terrain","volume":"2015","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1280","article-title":"Water-air temperature relationships in a Devon river system and the role of flow","volume":"17","author":"Webb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.859","article-title":"Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island","volume":"23","author":"Arnfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03436","article-title":"Radiative forcing and climate response","volume":"102","author":"Hansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG13J148","article-title":"A distributed energy-balance melt model of an alpine debris-covered glacier","volume":"60","author":"Fyffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0088(200012)20:15<1899::AID-JOC588>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Effects of temperature anomalies on the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the central United States","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(97)00027-0","article-title":"Growing degree-days: One equation, two interpretations","volume":"87","author":"Mcmaster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00257-9","article-title":"Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas","volume":"282","author":"Hock","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199607)16:7<805::AID-JOC48>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Temperature variations in spain since 1901: A preliminary analysis","volume":"16","author":"Pou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Berrisford, P., Dee, D., Poli, P., Brugge, R., Fielding, K., Fuentes, M., Kallberg, P., Kobayashi, S., Uppala, S., and Simmons, A. (2017, September 15). The ERA-Interim Archive Version 2.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/en\/elibrary\/8174-era-interim-archive-version-20."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00015.1","article-title":"MERRA: NASA\u2019s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications","volume":"24","author":"Rienecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.09.050","article-title":"An integrated modeling system for estimating glacier and snow melt driven streamflow from remote sensing and earth system data products in the Himalayas","volume":"519","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2017, March 15). MODIS Atmosphere L2 Atmosphere Profile Product, Available online: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/api\/v1\/productGroupPage\/name=atmospheric-profiles."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.007","article-title":"Estimation of net radiation from the MODIS data under all sky conditions: Southern Great Plains case study","volume":"114","author":"Bisht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.011","article-title":"Retrievals of all-weather daytime air temperature from MODIS products","volume":"189","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-014-3190-8","article-title":"Mapping near-surface air temperature, pressure, relative humidity and wind speed over Mainland China with high spatiotemporal resolution","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2004.02.019","article-title":"Modelling spatio-temporal near-surface temperature variation in high mountain landscapes","volume":"178","author":"Pape","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-004-0079-y","article-title":"Air temperature retrieval from remote sensing data based on thermodynamics","volume":"80","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Peng, B., Shi, J.C., Dhital, Y.P., Wang, T.X., Ji, D.B., Zhao, T.J., Yao, P.P., Cui, Y.R., and Shi, L.J. (2016, January 10\u201315). Estimating daytime surface air temperature using multi-source remote sensing and climate reanalysis data at glacierized basins: A case study at Langtang valley, Nepal. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730079"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.02.006","article-title":"Parameterization of air temperature in high temporal and spatial resolution from a combination of the SEVIRI and MODIS instruments","volume":"64","author":"Zaksek","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.034","article-title":"Estimation of daily maximum and minimum air temperature using MODIS land surface temperature products","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/1941937","article-title":"Ecological remote sensing at OTTER: Satellite macroscale observations","volume":"4","author":"Goward","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<0276:EORSRT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR data","volume":"28","author":"Nemani","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-015-0510-y","article-title":"Air temperature field distribution estimations over a Chinese mega-city using MODIS land surface temperature data: The case of Shanghai","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, H., Katurji, M., Appelhans, T., Muller, M.U., Nauss, T., Roudier, P., and Zawar-Reza, P. (2016). Mapping daily air temperature for Antarctica based on MODIS LST. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090732"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noi, P.T., Kappas, M., and Degener, J. (2016). Estimating daily maximum and minimum land air surface temperature using MODIS land surface temperature data and ground truth data in northern Vietnam. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8121002"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-15-0276.1","article-title":"Remotely sensed land skin temperature as a spatial predictor of air temperature across the conterminous United States","volume":"55","author":"Oyler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025497","article-title":"Use of remotely sensed land surface temperature as a proxy for air temperatures at high elevations: Findings from a 5000m elevational transect across Kilimanjaro","volume":"121","author":"Pepin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13681","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13681-2016","article-title":"Evaluation of cloud effects on air temperature estimation using MODIS LST based on ground measurements over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-014-1167-2","article-title":"A method to estimate maximum and minimum air temperature using MODIS surface temperature and vegetation data: Application to the Maipo Basin, Chile","volume":"120","author":"Bustos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4113","article-title":"A statistical method based on remote sensing for the estimation of air temperature in China","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8728","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708728","article-title":"Mapping of daily mean air temperature in agricultural regions using daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures derived from terra and aqua MODIS data","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2468594","article-title":"Land surface temperature and surface air temperature in complex terrain","volume":"8","author":"Mutiibwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4766","article-title":"A statistical framework for estimating air temperature using MODIS land surface temperature data","volume":"37","author":"Janatian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11425","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025154","article-title":"Estimating daily air temperatures over the Tibetan Plateau by dynamically integrating MODIS LST data","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1896","article-title":"Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds","volume":"6","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3189\/172756406781812168","article-title":"Glacier retreat as a result of climate warming and increased precipitation in the Tarim river basin, northwest China","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15101","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/1\/015101","article-title":"Review of climate and cryospheric change in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.02.001","article-title":"Cryospheric change in China","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"F02S03","article-title":"Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"112","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1109\/36.602541","article-title":"A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS\/MODIS data","volume":"35","author":"Wan","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036565","article-title":"Radiance-based validation of the V5 MODIS land-surface temperature product","volume":"29","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2016, January 10). Collection-6 MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products Users\u2019 Guide. Available online: https:\/\/icess.eri.ucsb.edu\/modis\/LstUsrGuide\/MODIS_LST_products_Users_guide_C6.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.027","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature\/emissivity product","volume":"140","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-4160-3","article-title":"China land soil moisture EnKF data assimilation based on satellite remote sensing data","volume":"54","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Zhang, T. (2013). Multi-Source Data Fusion and Application Research Base on LAPS\/STMAS. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1175\/2010MWR3338.1","article-title":"A Space-Time Multiscale Analysis System: A Sequential Variational Analysis Approach","volume":"139","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00185.1","article-title":"Real-Time Applications of the Variational Version of the Local Analysis and Prediction System (vLAPS)","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2017, May 08). CMA Land Data Assimilation System Version2.0 (CLDAS-V2.0). Available online: http:\/\/data.cma.cn\/data\/detail\/dataCode\/NAFP_CLDAS2.0_NRT\/keywords\/CLDAS.html."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2015.1020417","article-title":"A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in the Nepalese Himalaya","volume":"31","author":"Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Water Resour. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<1839:ECADFF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"EOF calculations and data filling from incomplete oceanographic datasets","volume":"20","author":"Beckers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2004.08.001","article-title":"Reconstruction of incomplete oceanographic data sets using empirical orthogonal functions: Application to the Adriatic Sea surface temperature","volume":"9","author":"Barth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5194\/os-2-183-2006","article-title":"DINEOF reconstruction of clouded images including error maps\u2014Application to the Sea-Surface Temperature around Corsican Island","volume":"2","author":"Beckers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.5194\/os-5-475-2009","article-title":"Enhancing temporal correlations in EOF expansions for the reconstruction of missing data using DINEOF","volume":"5","author":"Barth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Peng, B., and Shi, J. (2017). Reconstructing spatial-temporal continuous MODIS land surface temperature using the DINEOF method. J. Appl. Remote Sens., under review.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.046016"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Quan, J., Zhan, W., and Guo, Z. (2016). Enhanced statistical estimation of air temperature incorporating nighttime light data. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080656"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2017, March 05). User Guide for the Collection 6 Level-2 MOD06\/MYD06 Product and Associated Level-3 Datasets, Available online: https:\/\/modis-atmosphere.gsfc.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ModAtmo\/C6MOD06OPUserGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014506","article-title":"The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas","volume":"50","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4297","article-title":"Comparison of temperature lapse rates from the northern to the southern slopes of the Himalayas","volume":"35","author":"Kattel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-012-0816-6","article-title":"Temperature lapse rate in complex mountain terrain on the southern slope of the central Himalayas","volume":"113","author":"Kattel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-45.4.500","article-title":"Fine-Scale Variations of Near-Surface-Temperature Lapse Rates in the High Drakensberg Escarpment, South Africa: Environmental Implications","volume":"45","author":"Grab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arctic Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12005","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025506","article-title":"Improving snow process modeling with satellite-based estimation of near-surface-air-temperature lapse rate","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309788608778","article-title":"Estimation of glacier runoff and future trends in the Yangtze River source region, China","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8291","article-title":"A modified monthly degree-day model for evaluating glacier runoff changes in China. Part II: Application","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8286","article-title":"A modified monthly degree-day model for evaluating glacier runoff changes in China. Part I: Model development","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.04.014","article-title":"Catchment-scale reconstruction of glacier mass balance using observations and global climate data: Case study of the Hailuogou catchment, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"444\u2013445","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3189\/2014AoG66A123","article-title":"Estimation of discharge from Langtang River basin, Rasuwa, Nepal, using a glacio-hydrological model","volume":"55","author":"Pradhananga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3189\/172756406781811952","article-title":"Observed degree-day factors and their spatial variation on glaciers in western China","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0143-4","article-title":"Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas","volume":"110","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1105-2015","article-title":"Modelling glacier change in the Everest region, Nepal Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1115-8","article-title":"The relationship between runoff and ground temperature in glacierized catchments in China","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/9\/959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:04Z","timestamp":1760208304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/9\/959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9090959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9090959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]]}}}