{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:15:20Z","timestamp":1760242520892,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]],"date-time":"2017-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three synchronized pulsed Doppler wind lidars were deployed from May 2016 to June 2016 on the shores of a wide Norwegian fjord called Bj\u00f8rnafjord to study the wind characteristics at the proposed location of a planned bridge. The purpose was to investigate the potential of using lidars to gather information on turbulence characteristics in the middle of a wide fjord. The study includes the analysis of the single-point and two-point statistics of wind turbulence, which are of major interest to estimate dynamic wind loads on structures. The horizontal wind components were measured by the intersecting scanning beams, along a line located 25    m    above the sea surface, at scanning distances up to 4.6     k m    . For a mean wind velocity above 8    m        \u00b7     s      - 1     , the recorded turbulence intensity was below 0.06 on average. Even though the along-beam spatial averaging leads to an underestimated turbulence intensity, such a value indicates a roughness length much lower than provided in the European standard EN 1991-1-4:2005. The normalized spectrum of the along-wind component was compared to the one provided by the Norwegian Petroleum Industry Standard and the Norwegian Handbook for bridge design N400. A good overall agreement was observed for wave-numbers below     0 . 02 \/ m    . The along-beam spatial averaging in the adopted set-up prevented a more detailed comparison at larger wave-numbers, which challenges the study of wind turbulence at scanning distances of several kilometres. The results presented illustrate the need to complement lidar data with point-measurement to reduce the uncertainties linked to the atmospheric stability and the spatial averaging of the lidar probe volume. The measured lateral coherence was associated with a decay coefficient larger than expected for the along-wind component, with a value around 21 for a mean wind velocity bounded between 10    m        \u00b7     s      - 1      and 14    m        \u00b7     s      - 1     , which may be related to a stable atmospheric stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]],"date-time":"2017-09-21T12:17:40Z","timestamp":1505996260000},"page":"977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Measurements of Surface-Layer Turbulence in a Wide Norwegian Fjord Using Synchronized Long-Range Doppler Wind Lidars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4854-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Cheynet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials Science, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Jakobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials Science, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3nas","family":"Sn\u00e6bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Engineering, Reykjav\u00edk University, 101 Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"Svardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Michelsen Research AS, 5072 Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10546-007-9243-0","article-title":"Linearly Organized Turbulence Structures Observed Over a Suburban Area by Dual-Doppler Lidar","volume":"127","author":"Newsom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bound. 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