{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:08:34Z","timestamp":1768273714465,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41401403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41401403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41601450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41601450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2017JJ-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017JJ-01"]}]},{"name":"the Key Technology R&amp;D Program of Henan Province","award":["162102310089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162102310089"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral foundation of Henan Polytechnic University","award":["B2016-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2016-14"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral foundation of Henan Polytechnic University","award":["B2014-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2014-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The airborne Atmosphere Multi-angle Polarization Radiometer (AMPR) was employed to perform airborne measurements over North China between 2012 and 2016. Seven flights and synchronous ground-based observations were acquired. These data were used to test the sensor\u2019s measurements and associated aerosol retrieval algorithm. According to the AMPR measurements, a successive surface-atmosphere decoupling based algorithm was developed to retrieve the aerosol optical depth (AOD). It works via an iteration method, and the lookup table was employed in the aerosol inversion. Throughout the results of the AMPR retrievals, the surface polarized reflectances derived from air- and ground-based instruments were well matched; the measured and simulated reflectances at the aircraft level, which were simulated based on in situ sun photometer observed aerosol properties, were in good agreement; and the AOD measurements were validated against the automatic sun-photometer (CE318) at the nearest time and location. The AOD results were close; the average deviation was less than 0.03. The MODIS AODs were also employed to test the AMPR retrievals, and they showed the same trend. These results illustrate that (i) the successive surface-atmosphere decoupling method in the retrieved program completed its mission and (ii) the aerosol retrieval method has its rationality and potential ability in the regionally accurate remote sensing of aerosol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1506078195000},"page":"979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Remote Sensing of Aerosol Optical Depth Using an Airborne Polarimeter over North China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leiku","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weibing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"},{"name":"Department of Geomantic Engineering, B\u00fclent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Calibration and Characterization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.10.008","article-title":"Remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol using spaceborne optical observations","volume":"116","author":"Kokhanovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10171","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-10171-2013","article-title":"Aerosol physical and chemical properties retrieved from ground-based remote sensing measurements during heavy haze days in Beijing winter","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.08.002","article-title":"Improved retrieval of PM2.5 from satellite data products using non-linear methods","volume":"182","author":"Strawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shmirko, K., Bobrikov, A., and Pavlov, A. (2015, January 22\u201326). Atmospheric correction of satellite data. Proceedings of the XXI International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, Tomsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2205316"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/928174","article-title":"Airborne Polarimetric Remote Sensing for Atmospheric Correction","volume":"2016","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900364","article-title":"Remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces from POLDER-ADEOS-1 polarized measurements","volume":"106","author":"Devaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15329","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900148","article-title":"Estimate of the aerosol properties over the ocean with POLDER","volume":"105","author":"Goloub","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90038-Y","article-title":"Analysis of the POLDER (POLarization and directionality of earth\u2019s reflectances) airborne instrument observations over land surfaces","volume":"45","author":"Deschamps","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-991-2013","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol microphysical and optical properties above liquid clouds from POLDER\/PARASOL polarization measurements","volume":"6","author":"Waquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-009-8103-x","article-title":"Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Properties over the Beijing Area Using POLDER\/PARASOL Satellite Polarization Measurements","volume":"26","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3385.1","article-title":"The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation","volume":"62","author":"Remer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-10399-2010","article-title":"Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced deep blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2023115","article-title":"MISR Aerosol product attributes, and statistical comparison with MODIS","volume":"47","author":"Kahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008738","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol optical properties from OMI radiances using a multiwavelength algorithm: Application to western Europe","volume":"113","author":"Curier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011780","article-title":"Joint retrieval of surface reflectance and aerosol optical depth from MSG\/SEVIRI observations with an optimal estimation approach: 2. Implementation and evaluation","volume":"115","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008423","article-title":"Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over central Europe from MSG-SEVIRI data and accuracy assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements","volume":"112","author":"Popp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020449","article-title":"Suomi-NPP VIIRS aerosol algorithms and data products","volume":"118","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.020","article-title":"Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical properties over the Pearl River Delta, China using multi-angular, multi-spectral, and polarized measurements","volume":"115","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-013-3100-5","article-title":"Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Properties over a Vegetation Surface Using Multi-angular, Multi-spectral, and Polarized Data","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2303317","article-title":"Improved Aerosol Optical Depth and \u00c5ngstrom Exponent Retrieval Over Land From MODIS Based on the Non-Lambertian Forward Model","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.001228","article-title":"Analysis of the spectral and angular response of the vegetated surface polarization for the purpose of aerosol remote sensing over land","volume":"48","author":"Waquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"244","article-title":"Evaluation of Land surface polarization models based on airborne Advanced Atmosphere Multi-Angle Polarization Radiometer measurements","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACTA Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297978","article-title":"The POLDER mission: Instrument characteristics and scientific objectives","volume":"32","author":"Deschamps","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"33","article-title":"Research scanning polarimeter and airborne usage for remote sensing of aerosols","volume":"5158","author":"Cairns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008029","article-title":"Aerosol retrieval over land using a multiband polarimeter and comparison with path radiance method","volume":"112","author":"Waquet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004839","article-title":"Maritime and dust aerosol retrieval from polarized and multispectral active and passive sensors","volume":"110","author":"Waquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"186","article-title":"Research Scanning Polarimeter: Calibration and ground-based measurements","volume":"3754","author":"Chenault","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, C.D. (2000). Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812813718"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D01206","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010619","article-title":"Polarimetric remote sensing of aerosols over land","volume":"114","author":"Waquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns, B., Waquet, F., Knobelspiesse, K., Chowdhary, J., and Deuz\u00e9, J.L. (2009). Polarimetric Remote Sensing of Aerosols over Land Surfaces, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69397-0_10"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns, B., Laveigne, J.D., Rael, A., and Granneman, R.D. (2004, January 12\u201316). Atmospheric correction of HyperSpecTIR measurements using the research scanning polarimeter. Proceedings of the Defense and Security, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.542194"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"595","article-title":"Surface optical properties measured by the airborne research scanning polarimeter during the CLAMS experiment","volume":"5235","author":"Elias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandrov, M.D., Cairns, B., Mishchenko, M.I., Ackerman, A.S., and Emde, C. (2013). Characterization of cloud microphysical parameters using airborne measurements by the research scanning polarimeter. AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4804714"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.032","article-title":"Derivation of cumulus cloud dimensions and shape from the airborne measurements by the Research Scanning Polarimeter","volume":"177","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2007-2013","article-title":"The Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI): A new tool for aerosol and cloud remote sensing","volume":"6","author":"Diner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.07.029","article-title":"Liquid water cloud properties during the Polarimeter Definition Experiment (PODEX)","volume":"169","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"707021","article-title":"In-flight polarization calibration methods of directional polarizedremote sensing camera","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"55","article-title":"High-resolution Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) used in the remote sensing of aerosol properties","volume":"7807","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Earth Obs. Syst. XV"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.123","article-title":"Sources apportionment of PM2.5 in a background site in the North China Plain","volume":"541","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.066","article-title":"Estimating the contribution of regional transport to PM2.5 air pollution in a rural area on the North China Plain","volume":"583","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.173","article-title":"Chemical characteristics of PM1\/PM2.5 and influence on visual range at the summit of Mount Tai, North China","volume":"575","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2014, January 15\u201319). Source attribution of PM2.5 pollution over North China using the adjoint method. Proceedings of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3788\/OPE.20122006.1153","article-title":"Polarization calibration of airborne multi-angle polarimetric radiometer","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7941","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023082","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithms over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during low to very high pollution events","volume":"120","author":"Bilal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70506240","article-title":"Improving Remote Sensing of Aerosol Optical Depth over Land by Polarimetric Measurements at 1640 nm: Airborne Test in North China","volume":"7","author":"Qie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"673","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(91)90043-P","article-title":"A new polarized atmospheric radiative transfer model","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1771-2010","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of Asian aerosols: A case study of clean, polluted and dust storm days","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Retrieval of dust fraction of atmospheric aerosols based on spectra characteristics of refractive indices obtained from remote sensing measurements","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bohren, C.F., and Huffman, D.R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.43.005386","article-title":"Calculation of Mie derivatives","volume":"43","author":"Grainger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763292","article-title":"Parameterization of surface polarized reflectance derived from POLDER spaceborne measurements","volume":"37","author":"Nadal","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-975-2011","article-title":"Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations","volume":"4","author":"Dubovik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Litvinov, P., and Federspiel, C. (2014). GRASP: A versatile algorithm for characterizing the atmosphere. SPIE Newsroom.","DOI":"10.1117\/2.1201408.005558"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/10\/979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:42Z","timestamp":1760208342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/10\/979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9100979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9100979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]}}}