{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:52:00Z","timestamp":1774925520733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015CB953701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB953701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Survey Program of China","award":["2017FY100502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017FY100502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Daily fractional snow cover (FSC) products derived from optical sensors onboard low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are often discontinuous, primarily due to prevalent cloud cover. To map the daily cloud-reduced FSC over China, we utilized clear-sky multichannel observations from the first-generation Chinese geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites (namely, the FY-2 series) by taking advantage of their high temporal resolution. The method proposed in this study combines a newly developed binary snow cover detection algorithm designed for the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) onboard FY-2F with a simple linear spectral mixture technique applied to the visible (VIS) band. This method relies upon full snow cover and snow-free end-members to estimate the daily FSC. The FY-2E\/F VISSR FSC maps of China were compared with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) FSC data based on the multiple end-member spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), and with Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) FSC maps based on the SNOWMAP approach. The FY-2E\/F VISSR FSC maps, which demonstrate a lower cloud coverage, exhibit the root mean squared errors (RMSEs) of 0.20\/0.19 compared with the MODIS FSC data. When validated against the Landsat-8 OLI FSC data, the FY-2E\/F VISSR FSC maps, which display overall accuracies that can reach 0.92, have an RMSE of 0.18~0.29 with R2 values ranging from 0.46 to 0.80.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1506078195000},"page":"983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Fractional Snow Cover Mapping from FY-2 VISSR Imagery of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1563-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gongxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengli","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-2912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Shirui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04141","article-title":"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions","volume":"438","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<1474:IASDSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interrelationships among snow distribution, snowmelt, and snow cover depletion: Implications for atmospheric, hydrologic, and ecologic modeling","volume":"38","author":"Liston","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-7-137-2015","article-title":"A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Estilow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2339::AID-HYP800>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"An evaluation of snow accumulation and ablation processes for land surface modelling","volume":"12","author":"Pomeroy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-232X(03)00057-0","article-title":"A numerical model for surface energy balance and thermal regime of the active layer and permafrost containing unfrozen water","volume":"38","author":"Ling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.09.056","article-title":"Missing (In-Situ) snow cover data hampers climate change and runoff studies in the Greater Himalayas","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Rohrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.078","article-title":"Shifting mountain snow patterns in a changing climate from remote sensing retrieval","volume":"493","author":"Dedieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084680","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.084680","article-title":"Validation of ice mapping system snow cover over southern China based on Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Jiang, L., and Yang, J. (2012). Monitoring daily snow cover for disaster mitigation purposes. SPIE Newsroom.","DOI":"10.1117\/2.1201212.004607"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90101-6","article-title":"Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the landsat thematic mapper","volume":"28","author":"Dozier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.10.016","article-title":"Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index","volume":"89","author":"Salomonson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.876029","article-title":"Development of the Aqua MODIS NDSI fractional snow cover algorithm and validation results","volume":"44","author":"Salomonson","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6715","article-title":"Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.12.065","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of MODIS 8-day snow products with in situ temperature and precipitation data","volume":"534","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.019","article-title":"Producing cloud-free MODIS snow cover products with conditional probability interpolation and meteorological data","volume":"186","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500012702","article-title":"Mapping alpine snow using a spectral mixture modeling technique","volume":"17","author":"Nolin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00187-6","article-title":"Retrieval of subpixel snow-covered area and grain size from imaging spectrometer data","volume":"85","author":"Painter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.001","article-title":"Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS","volume":"113","author":"Painter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.03.002","article-title":"Assessment of methods for mapping snow cover from MODIS","volume":"51","author":"Rittger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"6","article-title":"An automatic algorithm on estimating sub-pixel snow cover from MODIS","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"251","article-title":"Subpixel snow mapping of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau using MODIS data","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parajka, J., and Bl\u00f6schl, G. (2008). Spatio-temporal combination of MODIS images\u2014Potential for snow cover mapping. Water Resour. Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006204"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7151","article-title":"Comparison and validation of MODIS standard and new combination of Terra and Aqua snow cover products in northern Xinjiang, China","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/36.285197","article-title":"Snow mapping in alpine regions with synthetic aperture radar","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/36.842004","article-title":"Retrieval of wet snow by means of multitemporal SAR data","volume":"38","author":"Nagler","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.06.003","article-title":"Monitoring snow wetness in an Alpine Basin using combined C-band SAR and MODIS data","volume":"183","author":"Trudel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3189\/S0260305500200736","article-title":"Nimbus-7 SMMR derived global snow cover parameters","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.809118","article-title":"A prototype AMSR-E global snow area and snow depth algorithm","volume":"41","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-013-4798-8","article-title":"Improvement of snow depth retrieval for FY3B-MWRI in China","volume":"57","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"49","article-title":"Intercalibrating FY-3B and FY-3C\/MWRI for synergistic implementing to snow depth retrieval algorithm","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remot. Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.010","article-title":"Toward improved daily snow cover mapping with advanced combination of MODIS and AMSR-E measurements","volume":"112","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.017","article-title":"Integrated assessment on multi-temporal and multi-sensor combinations for reducing cloud obscuration of MODIS snow cover products of the Pacific Northwest USA","volume":"114","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.01.022","article-title":"Toward advanced daily cloud-free snow cover and snow water equivalent products from Terra\u2013Aqua MODIS and Aqua AMSR-E measurements","volume":"385","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10123","article-title":"Snow cover estimation using blended MODIS and AMSR-E data for improved watershed-scale spring streamflow simulation in Quebec, Canada","volume":"28","author":"Bergeron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100169","article-title":"Spatio-temporal change of snow cover and its response to climate over the Tibetan Plateau based on an improved daily cloud-free snow cover product","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<1866:AMOSCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Automated monitoring of snow cover over North America with multispectral satellite data","volume":"39","author":"Romanov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(02)80304-0","article-title":"Satellite-derived snow cover maps for North America: Accuracy assessment","volume":"30","author":"Romanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanov, P., Tarpley, D., Gutman, G., and Carroll, T. (2003). Mapping and monitoring of the snow cover fraction over North America. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003142"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.013","article-title":"Enhanced algorithm for estimating snow depth from geostationary satellites","volume":"108","author":"Romanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199808\/09)12:10\/11<1537::AID-HYP679>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system","volume":"12","author":"Ramsay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6720","article-title":"Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS)","volume":"21","author":"Helfrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.008","article-title":"Operational snow mapping using multitemporal Meteosat SEVIRI imagery","volume":"109","author":"Seiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2568.1","article-title":"New geostationary satellite-based snow-cover algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Siljamo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Monitoring snow cover over China with MTSAT-2 geostationary satellite","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Remot. Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.022","article-title":"Monitoring snow cover using Chinese meteorological satellite data over China","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00095-0","article-title":"MODIS snow-cover products","volume":"83","author":"Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199808\/09)12:10\/11<1723::AID-HYP691>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Improving snow cover mapping in forests through the use of a canopy reflectance model","volume":"12","author":"Klein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601169899","article-title":"An evaluation of void-filling interpolation methods for SRTM data","volume":"21","author":"Reuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"406","article-title":"Study of snow detection using FY-2C satellite data","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Remot. Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"9","article-title":"Distribution of snow cover in China","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.018","article-title":"Introduction to GlobSnow Snow Extent products with considerations for accuracy assessment","volume":"156","author":"Pulliainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.013","article-title":"Using MODIS snow cover maps in modeling snowmelt runoff process in the eastern part of Turkey","volume":"97","author":"Tekeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.1979.0006","article-title":"Application of a snowmelt-runoff model using Landsat data","volume":"10","author":"Rango","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.007","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a cloud-gap-filled MODIS daily snow-cover product","volume":"114","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"920","article-title":"Study of monitoring snow cover using GOES geostationary satellite and AMSR-E","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"National Research Council (1989). Prospects and Concerns for Satellite Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice, National Academies Press."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/10\/983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:45:41Z","timestamp":1760208341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/10\/983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9100983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9100983","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]]}}}