{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1774437755196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]],"date-time":"2017-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USAID IPM IL","award":["Participatory biodiversity and climate change assessment for integrated pest management in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Participatory biodiversity and climate change assessment for integrated pest management in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"NOAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA11SEC4810004 and NA15OAR4310080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA11SEC4810004 and NA15OAR4310080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global change affects vegetation cover and processes through multiple pathways. Long time series of surface land surface properties derived from satellite remote sensing give unique abilities to observe these changes, particularly in areas with complex topography and limited research infrastructure. Here, we focus on Nepal, a biodiversity hotspot where vegetation productivity is limited by moisture availability (dominated by a summer monsoon) at lower elevations and by temperature at high elevations. We analyze the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1981 to 2015 semimonthly, at an 8 km spatial resolution. We use a random forest (RF) of regression trees to generate a statistical model of the NDVI as a function of elevation, land use, CO     2     level, temperature, and precipitation. We find that the NDVI increased over the studied period, particularly at low and middle elevations and during the fall (post-monsoon). We infer from the fitted RF model that the NDVI linear trend is primarily due to CO     2     level (or another environmental parameter that is changing quasi-linearly), and not primarily due to temperature or precipitation trends. On the other hand, interannual fluctuation in the NDVI is more correlated with temperature and precipitation. The RF accurately fits the available data and shows promise for estimating trends and testing hypotheses about their causes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T04:28:01Z","timestamp":1506400081000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Mapping and Attributing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Trends for Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nir","family":"Krakauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and NOAA-CREST, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"},{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}]},{"given":"Tarendra","family":"Lakhankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and NOAA-CREST, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Anad\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5494.1148","article-title":"Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in U.S. forests","volume":"290","author":"Caspersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01223.x","article-title":"FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle","volume":"13","author":"Friend","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. 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