{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:10:15Z","timestamp":1772007015427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China","award":["Grant BK20140921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant BK20140921"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 31470519, 31370484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 31470519, 31370484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spartina alterniflora has become the main invasive plant along the Chinese coast and now threatens the local ecological environment. Accurately monitoring the distribution of S. alterniflora is urgent and essential for developing cost-effective control strategies. In this study, we applied the One-Class Classification (OCC) methods of Maximum entropy (Maxent) and Biased Support Vector Machine (BSVM) based on Landsat time-series imagery to detect the species on the middle coast of Jiangsu in east China. We conducted four experimental setups (i.e., single-scene analysis, time-series analysis, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series analysis and a compressed time-series analysis), using OCC methods to recognize the species. Then, we tested the performance of a compressed time-series model for S. alterniflora detection and evaluated the expansibility of this approach when it was applied to a larger region. Our principal findings are as follows: (1) Maxent and BSVM performed equally well, and Maxent appeared to have a more balanced performance over the summer months; (2) the Maxent model with the Default Parameter Set (Maxent-DPS) showed a slightly higher accuracy and more overfitting than Maxent with the Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small samples sizes (AICc)-selected parameter set model, but a t-test found no significant difference between these two settings; (3) April and December were deemed to be important periods for the detection of S. alterniflora; (4) a compressed time-series analysis model\u2014including only three variables (December NDVI, March green and the third Principal Component in January, PC3)\u2014yielded higher accuracy than single-scene analyses, which indicated that time-series analysis can better detect S. alterniflora than single-scene analyses; and (5) the Maxent model using the reconstructed optimal variables and 70 training samples over a larger region produced encouraging results with an overall accuracy of 90.88% and a Kappa of 0.78. The one-class classification method combined with a phenology-based detection strategy is therefore promising for the application of the long-term detection of S. alterniflora over extended areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T11:39:38Z","timestamp":1509968378000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Appling the One-Class Classification Method of Maxent to Detect an Invasive Plant Spartina alterniflora with Time-Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2152-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenshan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Shicheng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yancheng National Natural Reserve, Yancheng 224333, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.02.011","article-title":"How to manage biological invasions under globalization","volume":"20","author":"Perrings","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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