{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:20:24Z","timestamp":1777609224272,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical process for the climate system and water cycles. However, the spatiotemporal variations in terrestrial ET over Northeast China over the past three decades calculated from sparse meteorological point-based data remain large uncertain. In this paper, a recently proposed modified satellite-based Priestley\u2013Taylor (MS\u2013PT) algorithm was applied to estimate ET of Northeast China during 1982\u20132010. Validation results show that the square of the correlation coefficients (R2) for the six flux tower sites varies from 0.55 to 0.88 (p &lt; 0.01), and the mean root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.92 mm\/d. The ET estimated by MS\u2013PT has an annual mean of 441.14 \u00b1 18 mm\/year in Northeast China, with a decreasing trend from southeast coast to northwest inland. The ET also shows in both annual and seasonal linear trends over Northeast China during 1982\u20132010, although this trend seems to have ceased after 1998, which increased on average by 12.3 mm per decade pre-1998 (p &lt; 0.1) and decreased with large interannual fluctuations post-1998. Importantly, our analysis on ET trends highlights a large difference from previous studies that the change of potential evapotranspiration (PET) plays a key role for the change of ET over Northeast China. Only in the western part of Northeast China does precipitation appear to be a major controlling influence on ET.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T11:46:01Z","timestamp":1510055161000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Satellite-Derived Spatiotemporal Variations in Evapotranspiration over Northeast China during 1982\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3350-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Disaster Reduction Center\/Satellite Application Center for Disaster Reduction of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"The contrast analysis on the average and extreme temperature trend in northeast china","volume":"26","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Correlation analysis between ndvi and climate in northeast china based on avhrr and gimms data sources","volume":"27","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., and Dickinson, R.E. (2012). A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability. Rev. Geophys., 50.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000373"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.013","article-title":"A satellite-based hybrid algorithm to determine the priestley-taylor parameter for global terrestrial latent heat flux estimation across multiple biomes","volume":"165","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Liang, S., Yu, J., Chen, J., Liu, S., Lin, Y., Fisher, J.B., Mcvicar, T.R., Cheng, J., and Jia, K. (2017). A simple temperature domain two-source model for estimating agricultural field surface energy fluxes from Landsat images. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026370"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"779","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations of extreme precipitation and dryness events in northeast china in last 50 years","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008010","article-title":"Trend of estimated actual evapotranspiration over china during 1960\u20132002","volume":"112","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Changes in reference evapotranspiration and its causes in northeast china","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09396","article-title":"Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply","volume":"467","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"898","article-title":"Evidence for decadal variation in global terrestrial evapotranspiration between 1982 and 2002","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4539.1498","article-title":"Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth\u2019s climate","volume":"215","author":"Shukla","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"194","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability of reference evapotranspiration over the northeast region of china in the last 60 years","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.05.016","article-title":"Comparison of three evapotranspiration models to bowen ratio-energy balance method for a vineyard in an arid desert region of northwest china","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1291-2011","article-title":"A comparison of eddy-covariance and large aperture scintillometer measurements with respect to the energy balance closure problem","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (2017, November 01). Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. Available online: https:\/\/appgeodb.nancy.inra.fr\/biljou\/pdf\/Allen_FAO1998.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.05.011","article-title":"Remote sensing temporal and spatial patterns of evapotranspiration and the responses to water management in a large irrigation district of north china","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR008800","article-title":"A continuous satellite-derived global record of land surface evapotranspiration from 1983 to 2006","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-3707-2013","article-title":"Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: Landflux-eval multi-dataset synthesis","volume":"17","author":"Mueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variations of evapotranspiration in china mainland in recent 20 years","volume":"34","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"979","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variation of terrestrial evapotranspiration in china from 2001 to 2010 using mod16 products","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"132","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of terrestrial evapotranspiration in china from 1980 to 2011 based on gleam data","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.045","article-title":"Comparison of satellite-based evapotranspiration models over terrestrial ecosystems in china","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.11.016","article-title":"Modis-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in china based on a modified priestley-taylor algorithm","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010880","article-title":"Validation and application of the modified satellite-based priestley-taylor algorithm for mapping? Terrestrial evapotranspiration","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mao, D.H., Wang, Z.M., Han, J.X., and Ren, C.Y. (2012). Spatio-temporal Pattern of Net Primary Productivity and Its Driven Factors in Northeast China in 1982\u20132010. Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"901","article-title":"Research on the spatial-temporal differentiation of precipitation in northeast China in recent 50 years","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strategic concern to land and water resources allocation, ecology and environment protection and sustainable development of northeast China","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1082-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"22","article-title":"Estimation of eco-water requirement in the liaohe river basin","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"430","article-title":"Dynamic change of vegetation coverage in the songhua river basin and itscorrelation analysis with climatic factor from 1982 to 2010","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Agrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"319","article-title":"A study on flood and drought change and its long-term prediction in the songhua river basin","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2016, November 24). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Avhrr. Available online: http:\/\/islscp2.sesda.com\/ISLSCP21\/data."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2016, October 16). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, lp Daac, Available online: http:\/\/reverb.echo.nasa.gov\/reverb."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on modis and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a modis global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2016, September 19). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/oar\/esrl psd, Boulder, Colorado, USA, Available online: http:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/psd\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"He, J., and Yang, K. (2016, December 26). China meteorological forcing dataset. Available online: http:\/\/westdc.westgis.ac.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.08.004","article-title":"On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions: Observation and modeling in the tibetan plateau","volume":"150","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20104","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015921","article-title":"Improving land surface temperature modeling for dry land of china","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"903","article-title":"Progresses and prospects of chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (chinaflux)","volume":"33","author":"Guirui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13113","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD017037","article-title":"Validation of remotely sensed evapotranspiration over the hai river basin, china","volume":"117","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.03.016","article-title":"Assessment and simulation of global terrestrial latent heat flux by synthesis of cmip5 climate models and surface eddy covariance observations","volume":"223","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00123-4","article-title":"Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland","volume":"103","author":"Twine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaporation and environment","volume":"19","author":"Monteith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters","volume":"100","author":"Priestley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.06.025","article-title":"Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly avhrr and islscp-ii data, validated at 16 fluxnet sites","volume":"112","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., and Liang, S. (2008, January 7\u201311). Estimation of surface net radiation from solar shortwave radiation measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4780134"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9080-z","article-title":"Climatic change on the tibetan plateau: Potential evapotranspiration trends from 1961\u20132000","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos5040737","article-title":"Spatial and decadal variations in potential evapotranspiration of china based on reanalysis datasets during 1982\u20132010","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric test against trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1948). Rank Correlation Methods, University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatio-statistical analysis of temperature fluctuation using Mann-Kendall and Sen\u2019s slope approach","volume":"48","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.019","article-title":"Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from modis and avhrr sensors for clear sky days over the southern great plains","volume":"103","author":"Batra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00122-9","article-title":"Irsute: A minisatellite project for land surface heat flux estimation from field to regional scale","volume":"68","author":"Seguin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating land surface evaporation: A review of methods using remotely sensed surface temperature data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.950579","article-title":"Trends in land surface evapotranspiration across china with remotely sensed ndvi and climatological data for 1981\u20132010","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503801","article-title":"A review of current methodologies for regional evapotranspiration estimation from remotely sensed data","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.004","article-title":"Evaluation of optical remote sensing to estimate actual evapotranspiration and canopy conductance","volume":"129","author":"Yebra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8393","article-title":"Multi-model, multi-sensor estimates of global evapotranspiration: Climatology, uncertainties and trends","volume":"25","author":"Vinukollu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Responses of vegetation ndvi in northeast china to climate change","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020864","article-title":"Bayesian multimodel estimation of global terrestrial latent heat flux from eddy covariance, meteorological, and satellite observations","volume":"119","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2048556","article-title":"Review on estimation of land surface radiation and energy budgets from ground measurement, remote sensing and model simulations","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Wang, S., Cheng, J., Feng, X., Ju, W., and Wu, W. (2009). The spatial-temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration of China\u2019s terrestrial ecosystems during 1991\u20132000. Resour. Sci., 31."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.10.024","article-title":"Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation","volume":"416\u2013417","author":"Mcvicar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2008.00243.x","article-title":"Effects of land-use and land-cover change on evapotranspiration and water yield in China during 1900-2000","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.033","article-title":"Measurement and modelling of evapotranspiration over a reed (phragmites australis) marsh in northeast China","volume":"372","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-016-1334-8","article-title":"Spatial variation in annual actual evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystems in china: Results from eddy covariance measurements","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1948.0037","article-title":"Natural evaporation from open water, hare soil and grass","volume":"193","author":"Penman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020941","article-title":"A worldwide analysis of spatiotemporal changes in water balance-based evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2009","volume":"119","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1911:ASFFET>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A simple framework for examining the interannual variability of land surface moisture fluxes","volume":"12","author":"Koster","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100217","article-title":"Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation","volume":"305","author":"Koster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<1276:SOAETS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of annual evaporation to soil and root properties in two models of contrasting complexity","volume":"4","author":"Federer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(20000330)20:4<381::AID-JOC477>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of potential evapotranspiration trends over China","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-013-1263-0","article-title":"Rapid evaluation of reference evapotranspiration in northern China","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-301-2010","article-title":"Forest decline caused by high soil water conditions in a permafrost region","volume":"14","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8353","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00492.1","article-title":"Global atmospheric evaporative demand over land from 1973 to 2008","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-006-0101-7","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors of potential et in China: 1956\u20132000","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/11\/1140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:31Z","timestamp":1760208511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/9\/11\/1140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs9111140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs9111140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]]}}}